Fig. 2: Normalised environmental impact of 1 Wp TOPCon module manufacturing stages.
From: Maximising environmental savings from silicon photovoltaics manufacturing to 2035
Normalised results showing the individual material and process contributions towards the six identified high-impact categories for a TOPCon wafer production, b TOPCon solar cell fabrication, c TOPCon module component manufacturing and d transportation from China to central Europe. Due to substantial inventories, “Others” represents materials contributing to all impact categories <15% in (a) and <5% in (b) and (c). This considers manufacturing in China using an average electricity grid mix and transportation to central Europe.
