Fig. 9: Results from Monte Carlo uncertainty analysis with a confidence interval of 95% over 10,000 runs.
From: Maximising environmental savings from silicon photovoltaics manufacturing to 2035

All investigated environmental impact categories are investigated to determine the confidence that the impact of manufacturing 1 Wp PERC modules is greater than the impact of manufacturing 1 Wp TOPCon module. This is shown by the percentage of runs where the impact of manufacturing TOPCon is less than, or otherwise greater than the impact of manufacturing PERC.