Fig. 6: Techno-economic analysis and scale-up of urea electrosynthesis.
a Urea yield rate and FE of Se−InOx under different current densities in CO2-saturated 1 M KHCO3 + 0.1 M KNO3 electrolyte. b The production cost per kg of urea at electricity prices of US$0.03 and US$0.01 kWh−1. c FNPV of Se-InOx as a function of current density at an electricity price of US$0.01 kWh−1. d Sensitivity analysis of single-variable impact on urea production cost; Bars show the cost change when each parameter is varied by ±25% around the baseline value (in parentheses). Vertical dashed line: baseline cost ($1.01 kg−1urea). e Cost-reduction roadmap based on continuous tuning of key economic parameters. f Long-term electrolysis performance over 20 h in a 5*5 cm2 flow-type electrolyzer using CO2-saturated 1 M KHCO3 + 0.1 M KNO3 electrolyte; the inset of (f) shows the isolated urea product and the corresponding 1H NMR and 13C NMR. Electrolyte pH: 7.8 ± 0.4. Source data are provided as a Source data file.
