Fig. 5: Acidic NO3-RR performance.

a Geometric polarization curves, (b) Tafel plots and (c) Nyquist plots of Ru/WO3-x, Ru and WO3-x. Faradaic efficiency plots of (d) Ru/WO3-x, (e) Ru and (f) WO3-x at different cathodic current densities. g NH3 Faradaic efficiency normalized polarization curves. h Chronopotentiometry curves and corresponding Faradaic efficiency for Ru/WO3-x at −300 mA cm−2. Faradaic efficiency data represent the average of three independent experiments (d–f and h). All potentials in (a), (b), (g) and (h) are iR-corrected by 80%. Source data for Fig. 5 are provided as a Source Data file.