Fig. 1: The effect of elevated temperature on the CO2RR.

a Schematic illustration of the source pathways of Ohm heat in a flow cell for industrial CO2RR applications. b Electrolyte temperature curve of large-area electrodes operating at high currents for 30 min in a flow cell (Room temperature: 298 K). c Schematic illustration of the effect of elevated temperature on CO2RR products. The black represents Cu catalyst, the brown represents Pd atom, and the combination of red, gray, and blue represents an OCCOH intermediate formed by C-C coupling. d A comparison of temperature and the FE of C2+ for CO2RR in previous reports (The highest FE and the FE at the highest temperature from these studies). e Breakdown of the plant-gate levelized cost per tonne of C2+ products with and without cooling, as calculated from a TEA. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.