Fig. 1: Identification of glioma BBB status.

a Two types of glioma BBB status: intact (upper) and disrupted (lower). After GBCA injection, the tumor region represents an enhancement type (ET), classified as enhancing or non-enhancing on the T1Gd scan. b Sources of contrast enhancement, including the traditional method to identify BBB status with GBCA injection and our GBCA-free method to identify BBB status.