Table 3 Results of synthesis T1Gd images achieved by different methods in terms of different regions on the MR-2 dataset (n = 94 samples)

Whole brain

MAE

23.71 ± 2.30

18.87 ± 3.75

18.74 ± 1.70

15.81 ± 2.04

15.06 ± 1.57

13.40 ± 1.66

p-value

3.8e-17

7.7e-17

3.8e-17

3.7e-11

1.3e-13

-

z

−8.42

−8.34

−8.42

−6.62

−7.40

-

r

−0.87

−0.86

−0.87

−0.68

−0.76

-

95%CI

(−10.70, −9.81)

(−5.77, −4.38)

(−5.79, −4.97)

(−3.29, −1.52)

(−1.85, −1.27)

-

PSNR (dB)

23.17 ± 2.08

24.91 ± 2.74

25.34 ± 2.07

26.83 ± 2.17

26.84 ± 2.09

27.61 ± 2.00

SSIM

0.68 ± 0.03

0.75 ± 0.03

0.68 ± 0.03

0.76 ± 0.02

0.77 ± 0.03

0.78 ± 0.03

LPIPS×100

13.17 ± 1.38

11.07 ± 1.43

12.65 ± 1.30

11.12 ± 1.34

10.91 ± 1.30

10.25 ± 1.28

FID

125.65

81.55

139.20

58.61

55.83

31.80

Whole tumor

MAE

36.95 ± 9.59

32.88 ± 10.50

31.56 ± 8.28

23.65 ± 7.97

25.34 ± 8.11

21.78 ± 7.45

p-value

6.0e-17

9.9e-17

8.3e-16

1.3e-2

2.1e-10

-

z

−8.37

−8.31

−8.05

−2.49

−6.35

-

r

−0.86

−0.86

−0.83

−0.26

−0.66

-

95%CI

(−19.76, −17.07)

(−15.34, −12.41)

(−13.18, −10.76)

(−1.85, 0.41)

(−3.84, −2.62)

-

PSNR (dB)

21.46 ± 2.93

22.56 ± 3.64

22.26 ± 3.01

24.04 ± 3.23

23.61 ± 3.27

24.99 ± 3.59

SSIM

0.62 ± 0.08

0.68 ± 0.08

0.59 ± 0.07

0.68 ± 0.09

0.69 ± 0.08

0.71 ± 0.09

LPIPS×100

1.46 ± 1.08

1.29 ± 0.95

1.50 ± 1.10

1.24 ± 0.94

1.26 ± 0.95

1.19 ± 0.89

FID

55.57

54.10

63.01

33.33

35.60

26.56

Non-enhancing tumor core

MAE

37.17 ± 14.22

36.72 ± 11.95

35.89 ± 18.61

30.84 ± 20.40

28.14 ± 18.22

25.76 ± 18.19

p-value

1.7e-6

1.0e-6

5.9e-4

1.7e-2

0.2518

-

z

−4.78

−4.89

−3.44

−2.38

−1.15

-

r

−0.57

−0.58

−0.41

−0.28

−0.14

-

95%CI

(−13.88, −7.57)

(−18.82, −9.51)

(−12.85, −4.07)

(−8.13, 0.13)

(−4.05, 0.93)

-

PSNR (dB)

16.07 ± 3.60

16.68 ± 3.27

16.15 ± 3.91

18.01 ± 5.10

18.28 ± 4.87

19.33 ± 5.15

SSIM

0.56 ± 0.15

0.59 ± 0.13

0.48 ± 0.19

0.61 ± 0.17

0.64 ± 0.12

0.63 ± 0.18

LPIPS×100

0.15 ± 0.22

0.15 ± 0.22

0.17 ± 0.25

0.13 ± 0.22

0.13 ± 0.22

0.12 ± 0.22

FID

34.59

31.45

44.50

25.35

25.21

23.60

Non-enhancing flair hyperintensity

MAE

31.09 ± 6.27

25.32 ± 6.51

25.59 ± 6.39

17.25 ± 5.63

18.38 ± 5.14

15.40 ± 3.67

p-value

3.9e-17

1.2e-15

1.7e-16

1.3e-4

7.3e-8

-

z

−8.41

−8.00

−8.24

−3.83

−5.38

-

r

−0.87

−0.83

−0.85

−0.40

−0.56

-

95%CI

(−17.82, −15.23)

(−11.46, −8.92)

(−11.85, −8.86)

(−2.01, −0.56)

(−2.79, −1.72)

-

PSNR (dB)

17.14 ± 1.57

19.11 ± 2.26

17.99 ± 2.00

20.48 ± 2.64

20.19 ± 2.58

21.85 ± 2.04

SSIM

0.68 ± 0.07

0.76 ± 0.06

0.65 ± 0.07

0.73 ± 0.08

0.76 ± 0.07

0.77 ± 0.07

LPIPS×100

0.64 ± 0.54

0.57 ± 0.48

0.73 ± 0.61

0.55 ± 0.47

0.52 ± 0.47

0.50 ± 0.44

FID

36.09

36.03

45.54

29.16

21.92

20.32

Enhancing tumor

MAE

69.04 ± 21.10

70.21 ± 24.12

53.71 ± 23.17

42.18 ± 19.23

49.58 ± 22.44

42.35 ± 20.86

p-value

1.4e-14

3.6e-15

3.8e-7

0.8737

8.9e-8

-

z

−7.70

−7.87

−5.08

−0.16

−5.35

-

r

−0.84

−0.86

−0.56

−0.02

−0.59

-

95%CI

(−29.54, −21.61)

(−30.06, −25.04)

(−19.93, −9.70)

(−2.41, 1.65)

(−9.36, −4.11)

-

PSNR (dB)

11.05 ± 2.60

11.12 ± 2.99

13.38 ± 4.60

14.92 ± 3.74

13.84 ± 4.08

15.24 ± 4.45

SSIM

0.45 ± 0.13

0.50 ± 0.15

0.45 ± 0.15

0.50 ± 0.14

0.53 ± 0.15

0.54 ± 0.14

LPIPS×100

0.32 ± 0.34

0.33 ± 0.34

0.27 ± 0.29

0.22 ± 0.24

0.26 ± 0.28

0.23 ± 0.25

FID

34.21

39.54

33.70

27.81

29.57

25.85