Fig. 1: The evolutions of 51-year running mean fields from eight selected Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6) models for their historical and future simulations under the Shared Socioeconomic Pathway 585 (SSP585).
From: Upper-ocean stratification changes control ENSO amplitude shift under sustained global warming
a The amplitude of Niño3.4 sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies (°C; regionally averaged between 170°W - 120°W and 5°S - 5°N); the various blue lines represent 8 individual models from CMIP6; the black line indicates their multi-model ensemble mean, with the gray shadings showing 1.0 standard deviation of a total of 10000 inter-realizations based on a Bootstrap method. b The eight CMIP6 model mean (8CMM) upper-ocean (0–300 m) density in the central equatorial Pacific (CEP; 160°E–160°W, 2°S–2°N; contours with an interval of 1 kg m-3). c The corresponding 8CMM upper-ocean (0-300 m) stratification (represented as buoyancy frequency,\(\,{N}^{2}\)) in the CEP (contours with an interval of \(5\times {10}^{-4}{{\mbox{s}}}^{-2}\)). The colored areas and vertical lines are added to highlight the three periods for 1940–1990 (P1), 2040-2090 (P2), and 2240–2290 (P3), respectively.
