Abstract
Chemotaxis, or the following of chemical concentration gradients, is essential for microbes to locate nutrients. However, microbes often display paradoxical behaviors, such as Escherichia coli being repelled by several amino acids. Here, we explore chemotaxis towards a moving source and demonstrate that when multiple nutrients are released from the source repulsion from certain nutrients actually improves chemotaxis towards the source. Because a moving source leaves most of the nutrient plume behind it, simply following the concentration gradient results in aiming behind the source and potentially failing to intercept it. However, when attraction to a fast-diffusing nutrient and repulsion from a slow-diffusing nutrient are combined, motion in a new direction emerges and the chance of intercepting the source is increased up to six-fold. We demonstrate that this “differential strategy” is robust against numerous variations, including order-of-magnitude increases in the repellent release rate. Finally, we leverage existing data to show that E. coli is attracted to fast-diffusing amino acids and repelled by slow-diffusing ones, suggesting it may utilize a differential strategy and providing an explanation for its repulsion from these amino acids. Our results thus illuminate new possibilities in how microbes can integrate signals from multiple gradients to accomplish challenging chemotactic tasks.
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Data availability
The data generated in this study are provided in Supplementary Data 1 – 4 and also available on GitHub (https://github.com/Blox-Blox/Differential-Chemotaxis/tree/704de055009a3470ee612546b0c5cfe27c044b64). Source data are provided with this paper.
Code availability
The simulation and analysis code to reproduce the data and figures of the manuscript are available on GitHub (https://github.com/Blox-Blox/Differential-Chemotaxis/tree/704de055009a3470ee612546b0c5cfe27c044b64).
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Acknowledgements
This research was supported by the Sloan Foundation (grant G-2021−16758) and the Schmidt Polymath Award (grant G-21-62100). H.L. acknowledges the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation for support as a Physics of Living Systems Fellow through Grant No. GBMF4513. We thank the members of the Gore Lab, the MIT Physics of Living Systems community, and the Simons Foundation Principles of Microbial Ecology collaboration for discussion.
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B.B. conceived the project. B.B., H.L., and J.G. refined the project conceptualization and designed the simulations. B.B. performed the calculations and wrote/performed the simulations in the Main Text. B.B. and H.L. wrote/performed simulations in the Supplementary Information. B.B., H.L., and J.G. analyzed the data and wrote/edited the manuscript. J.G. supervised the project.
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Bloxham, B., Lee, H. & Gore, J. Repulsion from slow-diffusing nutrients improves microbial chemotaxis towards moving sources. Nat Commun (2026). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-026-71148-x
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-026-71148-x
