Fig. 1: Chronic stress induces oligoasthenozoospermia and spermatogenic dysfunction.
From: Chronic stress drives oligoasthenozoospermia via gut microbiota-vitamin-Sting1/Slc9c2 axis
a–d Sperm concentration (a), rapid progressive motility (b), progressive motility (c), and total motility (d) of epididymal sperm across naïve, sham FS-, and CFSS-treated rats. (n = 7 rats in CFSS group, n = 6 in other groups). e–h Quantitative analysis of Dazl (e, n = 14), Sycp3 (f, n = 12), Tnp1 (g, n = 11), and Pgk2 (h, n = 10) mRNA expression levels in the testicular tissues. i Representative immunofluorescence images showing DAZL, SYCP3, TNP1, and PGK2 expression in seminiferous tubules of testicular sections (n = 3 biological replicates per group). Nuclei were counterstained with DAPI (blue). Scale bars = 50 µm. j–m Relative protein expression levels of DAZL (j), SYCP3 (k), TNP1 (l), and PGK2 (m) in the testicular tissues (n = 4 rats per group). Data are presented as mean ± S.E.M. One-way ANOVA with Tukey’s post-hoc test for (a)–(h), and (j)–(m). The exact p values are presented in the figures as indicated. Source data are provided in the Source Data file.
