Fig. 4: Evolution of ferroelectric domain structures under ultrafast pulse illumination.
a Schematic illustration of a periodic a/c domain in PbTiO3 (PTO) exposed to an ultrashort gaussian pulse centered at 2 ps, with a HWFM of 1 ps and peak optical intensities of 1012 W/cm². The right panel outlines the generation of opposite carriers at DWs and the resulting electric field (EBPV) at a light polarization angle of 0 degrees, as described in Fig. 3g-i. b The spatiotemporal evolutions of polarization orientation angle θ (defined in Fig. 1b), hole concentration p and net free charge ρf. The 2D images represent the 1D profiles extracted from the simulation geometry along [011] direction at different times, with a time interval of 0.2 ps. The dashed white lines indicate the center of the gaussian pulse, set at 2 ps. c The temporal evolutions of polarization orientation change Δθ at the center of the a- and c- domain. The insets illustrate the rotation of polarization induced by the EBPV, comparing between the a- and c- domains. The initial polarization is depicted in blue, while the polarization after maximum rotation is shown in purple.
