Fig. 4: Demonstration of Noise2Void denoising performance on the experimental graphene liquid-cell data (ADF and BF image pairs) and comparison to standard denoising methods.

Intensity line profiles are presented under the images showing the intensity modulations. The line profiles are taken through two gold adatoms and are at the same position for all data, (indicated by the green and blue arrows on ADF and BF images, respectively) with a width of 1 px. From left to right, the images compare the same frame (a) from the original experimental data used as input for all the denoisers, b after Gaussian denoising, c after denoising by the total variation technique and d after denoising by our modified Noise2Void approach. The square root of pixel intensities is displayed for the ADF channel, though the BF images and all line profiles below are plotted linearly. Across each row, intensities are scaled equally for ease of comparison. The ADF has a much flatter background with the Noise2Void denoising, compared to the input, Gaussian blur and TV denoising, making it easier to recover the Au adatom positions.