Fig. 3: Geographic distribution of taxonomic and phylogenetic endemism centres for vascular plants in China.

a,b, Taxonomic endemism centres based on the top 5% criterion at the genus (a) and species (b) levels: (1) the Hengduan Mountains, (2) Central China and (3) Yunnan–Guizhou–Guangxi boundary region. Grid cells in pink represent centres of the youngest quartile, blue the oldest quartile and purple mixed centres of the two types. c,d, Phylogenetic endemism centres identified by the CANAPE analysis at the genus (c) and species (d) levels. Grid cells in pink represent centres of neo-endemism, blue centres of palaeo-endemism and purple centres of mixed-endemism. The donut charts show the proportion of grid cells occupied by different types of endemism centres. Current national nature reserves are highlighted in dark green, while four global biodiversity hotspots are highlighted in brown. Numbers above the maps denote taxa involved in the analyses. The national boundary layer was downloaded from the Standard Map Service website (approval number GS(2019)1823; http://bzdt.ch.mnr.gov.cn/browse.html?picId=%224o28b0625501ad13015501ad2bfc0256%22; accessed October 2022).