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Epidemiology

Cardiovascular mortality increases with stage of cardiovascular–kidney–metabolic syndrome

Nature Reviews Nephrology volume 21, page 283 (2025)Cite this article

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Cardiovascular–kidney–metabolic (CKM) syndrome is categorized into 5 stages that range from stage 0 (no risk factors) to stage 4 (clinical cardiovascular disease in CKM syndrome). A new study by Sophie Claudel, Ashish Verma and coauthors validates this staging system by demonstrating that the risk of cardiovascular and all-cause mortality increases with CKM syndrome stage.

“CKM syndrome stages 1 to 4 are associated with a graded increase in risk of cardiovascular mortality,” comments Verma. “Given the lack of a strong association of CKM syndrome stage with either non-cardiovascular or cancer mortality, we found that the prognostic significance of these stages is specific to cardiovascular mortality. These findings validate the pathophysiologic basis that was used to develop the CKM syndrome staging system.”

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  1. Nature Reviews Nephrology http://www.nature.com/nrneph

    Ellen F. Carney

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  1. Ellen F. Carney
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Correspondence to Ellen F. Carney.

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Carney, E.F. Cardiovascular mortality increases with stage of cardiovascular–kidney–metabolic syndrome. Nat Rev Nephrol 21, 283 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41581-025-00957-y

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