Extended Data Fig. 4: TPN2.0 performance generalizes over different sexes, races, and periods.

a, Stratification of the model performance as presented in Fig. 3b by sexes and races indicates that the high performance applies across different subpopulations. The corresponding powers of the stratified analyses are 1 for both male and female at the significance level (α) of 0.0001, and 1 for Asian (α = 0.0001), 0.93 for African American (α = 0.001), 0.94 for Native (α = 0.01), 1 for white (α = 0.0001), and 0.89 for race unknown (α = 0.0001). The race ‘Native’ includes both Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander and American Indian or Alaska Native due to the insufficient numbers of population from these races in our cohort. Refer to Supplementary Table 1 for the number of data points in each group. Data are presented as mean values +/− SEM. b, The model performance with experts as described in Fig. 3c with these results obtained from a time-based cross validation instead of a random train-test split. In each cross-validation, the model was trained on data from a time period that did not overlap with the test period. For example, in the last plot, the model is trained on data from January 1^st 2011 to August 31^st 2017, and it is tested on TPN orders from September 1^st 2017 to January 31^st 2022. The high correlation across all periods suggests that potential changes in clinical guidelines from different periods did not meaningfully impact the model performance.