Fig. 5: GAHT-associated proteins are associated with complex phenotypes in the general population.
From: Plasma proteome adaptations during feminizing gender-affirming hormone therapy
a, Venn diagram showing enrichment of GAHT-associated proteins with complex phenotypes from the UK Biobank using two proteomic platforms: Olink (left; 283 phenotypes) and SOMAscan (right; 217 phenotypes). Enrichment of GAHT-associated proteins across phenotypes was assessed using an overrepresentation test (hypergeometric distribution), with two-sided P values adjusted for multiple comparisons (Benjamini–Hochberg). Terms were considered enriched at Padj <0.05 and FC >1.33. b,c, Volcano plots showing enriched terms for CPA-associated (b) and SPIRO-associated (c) proteins. y axis, log10 adjusted P value; x axis, log2 fold change enrichment of each phenotype relative to baseline. Phenotypes are colored by category (clinical, biomarker, immune, vascular, diet, hormone or behavior). d, Bubble plot showing the direction of change (green, converging; peach, diverging) for selected phenotypes in CPA and SPIRO groups. Circle size reflects the number of significantly associated proteins (1–100). e, Correlation plot of proteins associated with allergic asthma showing the CPA-GAHT estimate on the x axis and the disease-associated beta value on the y axis. f, Correlation plot of proteins associated with atherosclerosis showing the CPA-GAHT estimate on the x axis and the disease-associated odds ratio (OR) on the y axis. The red square signifies the primary direction of overlapping protein concentration change.
