Extended Data Fig. 4: Causal diagram for relationships over time between interpersonal sociopolitical conflicts and depression.
From: Interpersonal conflicts, social media use and depression associated with protests
C1 denotes baseline covariates, including sex, age, educational attainment, marital status, employment status, monthly household income, family support, sociopolitical conflicts with family members, and probable depression or depressive symptoms at wave 1. Ln denotes time-varying confounding variables, including probable depression or depressive symptoms, interpersonal sociopolitical conflicts, family support, time spent on social media and online for sociopolitical news, political participation, COVID-19-related sources of stress, and anxiety levels during COVID-19 at wave n. An denotes the time-varying exposure (for example, sociopolitical conflicts with family members or those with friends and colleagues) at wave n. Y denotes the outcome of interest, final probable depression or depressive symptoms. Covariates were selected a priori based on the literature review on potential determinants of the exposure and outcome.
