Extended Data Fig. 7: Event-study estimates of NAP adoption on sector-specific AMU outcomes.

(A) Human AMU score. (B) Animal AMU score. (C) Agricultural crop production AMU score. The analytical sample includes n = 172 countries. For each country, the year of NAP adoption is defined as event time zero (t = 0); negative values indicate years before adoption, positive values indicate years after adoption, and t = −1 serves as the reference year. Control countries were those that had not yet adopted or had never adopted NAPs, whereas countries contributed to the treatment group from the year of NAP adoption onwards. Points represent estimated treatment effects for each year relative to the reference year (t = −1), with error bars indicating 95% confidence intervals. Three models are shown: the two-stage DID, the stacked event-study DID, and TWFE OLS. Abbreviations: AMU=antimicrobial use. DID=difference-in-differences. NAP=national action plan. OLS=ordinary least squares. TWFE=two-way fixed effects.