Table 1 Clinical signs associated with organ-/system-specific tumor development
From: OBSERVE: guidelines for the refinement of rodent cancer models
General signs | Specific signs | Refs. | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Anorexia and BW lossa | Altered appearance and behavior | Pain: demonstrated | Pain: assumed | Icterus | Respiratory signs | Ascites | Anemia | GI signs | Neurological signs | Locomotor signs | Urinary signs | Cutaneous ulceration | ||
GI tract | ||||||||||||||
Oral cavity | x | x | x | |||||||||||
Esophagus | x | x | x | |||||||||||
Gastric | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | |||||||
Pancreas | x | x | x | x | x | |||||||||
Colorectal | x | x | x | x | x | |||||||||
Liver + gallbladder | x | x | x | x | x | |||||||||
Urogenital system | ||||||||||||||
Kidney (+ adrenal) | x | x | x | x | ||||||||||
Bladder | x | x | x | x | ||||||||||
Prostate | x | x | x | x | ||||||||||
Uterus | x | x | x | x | x | x | ||||||||
Ovary | x | x | x | x | x | |||||||||
Cervix | x | x | x | X | ||||||||||
Mammary | (x) | x | x | x | x | |||||||||
Nervous system | ||||||||||||||
Brain tumors | x | x | x | x | ||||||||||
Other CNS | x | x | x | x | ||||||||||
Peripheral nerve | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | |||||||
Soft tissue and bone | ||||||||||||||
Soft tissue | Clinical signs of soft tissue tumors depend on the location, please refer to other organs to have an indication of adverse effects | |||||||||||||
Bone (+ multiple myeloma bone disease) | x | x | x | x | ||||||||||
Respiratory tract | ||||||||||||||
Upper respiratory tract: nose, nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses | x | x | x | x | x | |||||||||
Lung | x | x | x | x | ||||||||||
Hematopoetic and lymphoid | ||||||||||||||
Lymphoma and myeloma | Signs of lymphoma/myeloma depend on the location, please refer to other organs to have an indication of adverse effects | |||||||||||||
Leukemia | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | ||||||
Endocrine | ||||||||||||||
Pituitary | x | x | x | x | ||||||||||
Thyroid | x | x | x | x | ||||||||||
Skin | ||||||||||||||
(x) | (x) | x | ||||||||||||
SC tumors | ||||||||||||||
(x) | (x) | x | ||||||||||||
Miscellaneous | ||||||||||||||
Eye | x | |||||||||||||
GVHD in humanized miceb | x | x | x | x | ||||||||||