Table 6 Monitoring sheet for animals with tumors causing respiratory signs

From: OBSERVE: guidelines for the refinement of rodent cancer models

Parameter

Outcome

Actions to be taken

Breathing

Frequency

Normal

None

Tachypnea

Increase general monitoring frequency to 1 time per day

Pattern

Normal

None

Dyspnea

Humane killing

Gasping

Humane killing

Oxygen saturation

Color of mucous membranes

Pink

None

Cyanosis

Humane killing

Stress test

Stress testa (Fig. 3)

Negative

None

Positive: distress in >3 s

Increase general monitoring frequency and stress test to 2 times per day

Positive: distress in <3 s

Humane killing

  1. Assess 3 times per week; increase if necessary (see actions to be taken). aThe stress test has so far only been validated in mice.