Abstract
Ocular diseases remain a major cause of vision impairment globally, making early and accurate diagnosis essential. This study presents a novel diagnostic model for identifying seven common ocular conditions age-related macular degeneration, glaucoma, hypertension, diabetic retinopathy, myopia, cataracts, and other pathologies using clinical fundus images. To improve image quality, Anisotropic Diffusion Filtering and Wavelet Transform are applied for hue and contrast enhancement. Data imbalance is addressed through targeted augmentation techniques. The core of the model is a hybrid Quantum Convolutional Neural Network (QCNN), which integrates quantum convolutional pooling into a classical CNN architecture to boost feature extraction and classification. Evaluated on the OIA-ODIR dataset, the proposed model outperformed benchmarks such as Fundus-DeepNet, Inception-v4, VGG16 with SGD, and ResNet-101. It achieved 94% classification accuracy, along with substantial gains in precision, recall, and F1-score. These results confirm the model’s effectiveness and its potential for supporting early, multi-disease ocular diagnosis in clinical settings.
Data availability
Publicly available datasets are analyzed in this study. The data that support the findings of this study are available from ref. [18]. Other desired material can be requested to [alqassab@uma.es](mailto: alqassab@uma.es).
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Funding
This research was funded by a grant from the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation through the project “NEMO4EX: heterogeNeous underwater nEtworks for collaborative, dynaMic, and cOst-effective Exploration” (PID2023-146540OB-C43).
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Conceptualization, M.A.M.; methodology, M.A.M., A.I.M.A., and M.A.L.N.; modeling and simulation, A.I.M.A; validation, M.A.M., and A.I.M.A.; investigation, A.I.M.A.; resources, M.A.M. and M.A.L.N.; data curation, M.A.M and A.I.M.A.; writing—original draft preparation, A.I.M.A.; writing—review and editing, M.A.M., and M.A.L.N.; visualization, A.I.M.A.; supervision, M.A.M., and M.A.L.N.; project administration, M.A.L.N.; funding acquisition, M.A.L.N. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.
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Alqassab, A.I.M., Luque-Nieto, MÁ. & Mohammed, M.A. Identification of multiple ocular diseases using a hybrid quantum convolutional neural network with fundus images. Sci Rep (2026). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-38063-z
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-38063-z
