Fig. 1: The amplification effect of unreasonable human behaviours on natural disasters.

a Mechanism of disaster formation. b–d Increased exposure, vulnerability or intensity of hazard due to unreasonable human behaviours amplified disaster losses. In a, the red squares represent disaster losses, which are determined by exposure, vulnerability and hazard. In b–d, the dark red squares represent amplified disaster losses due to increased exposure, vulnerability, or intensity of hazard caused by unreasonable human behaviours.