Table 1 Dimensions of WRH policy effects on socially-sustainable development.

Socio-ecological environment

(D₁)

Improving the quality of water resources (C₁)

Improving water resources and supplies in villages

Molden et al. (2001); Ao et al. (2019); Shen et al. (2012); Xu et al. (2019);

Improving air quality (C₂)

Improving air quality in villages

Meng et al. (2019); Bekun et al. (2019); Shen et al. (2012);

Improving the sanitation environment (C₃)

Improvement of village sanitation and sanitation service facilities

Du et al., (2014); Kumar et al. (2011); Shao et al. (2021); Kaygusuz (2011);

Enhancing residential safety (C₄)

Improve the safety of the village environment, such as safety, earthquake resistance, resistance to natural disasters, and other aspects

Devereux (2001); Ge and Hokao (2004); Foster et al. (2016);

Enhancing landscape coherence (C₅)

Increase the landscape harmony between the village environment and the residences

Kizos et al. (2010) ; Xia and Cheng (2019); Xu et al. (2018); Rahman and Zhang (2018)

Use of environmentally friendly building materials (C₆)

More environmentally friendly materials, design concepts, and architectural approaches to the village environment and buildings

Salameh et al. (2022); Mohamed et al. (2016); Karahan and Davardoust (2020); Zhao and Greenop (2019)

Social Welfare (D_q)

Happiness Enhancement (C₇)

Enhancing the happiness of residents

Ku (2011); Davey et al. (2009); García-Quero, Guardiola (2018); Clapham (2010); Burja and Burja (2014);

Enhancing accessibility (C₈)

Improving accessibility within villages and enhancing connectivity with neighboring villages

Wang and Sun (2016); Wang et al. (2018); Mosaberpanah and Khales (2013); Yip et al. (2007); Chen et al. (2016); Lu et al. (2022)

Improve public service facilities C₉)

Improving the quantity and quality of various public facilities and services to meet the needs of residents

Shen et al. (2012); Wang et al. (2018); Sepe (2021); Long et al. (2012);

Improving Social Welfare Protection C₁₀)

Enhancement of welfare policies such as the amount of unemployment benefit allowance for residents

Chen et al. (2016); Badal (2017); Barrios (2008);

Securing Homeownership (C₁₁)

Improve the property rights protection system for residents’ real estate

Porio and Crisol (2004); Galiani and Schargrodsky (2011); Cai et al. (2019);

Increasing Satisfaction with Exit Policies (C₁₂)

Increase satisfaction with the Homestead exit policy

Shao et al. (2021); Gür et al. (2020); Liu et al. (2020);

Improving the quality of housing (C₁₃)

Increasing the living space and improving the quality of housing for residents

Cai et al., (2020); Gür et al. (2020); Kellekci and Berköz (2006)

Improving personal health (C₁₄)

Improving the health of the population

Rahman and Zhang (2018); Yuan et al. (2018); Kitchen et al. (2012); Hoeft et al. (2018); Baker et al. (2007)

Social equity (D₃)

Enabling the disadvantaged (C₁₅)

Improve the support and protection measures for the elderly, the sick, the disabled, and other vulnerable groups

Jin et al. (2020); Ballet et al. (2020); Higgs and White (1997); Connelly and Maurer-Fazio (2016)

Improving resident education (C₁₆)

Improving access to education and enhancing the quality of education

Shen et al. (2012); Jin et al. (2020); Cloutier et al. (2014); Malhoit (2005);

Strengthening the livelihoods of residents (C₁₇)

Increasing local jobs and broadening employment channels for residents

Kinsella et al. (2000); Chandrasekhar (1993); Yuan et al. (2018); Lu et al., (2022)

Bridging the Gap Between Rich and Poor (C₁₈)

Reducing the gap between the rich and the poor of the village residents and the economic level of the surrounding villages

Qian and Smyth (2008); Zhu and Luo (2010); Wu (2022); Lu et al. (2022); Hong (2020);

Guaranteed exit compensation proceeds (C₁₉)

Protecting the interests of residents by securing their compensation benefits

Ballet et al. (2020); Kinsella et al. (2017); Kan (2021);

Mixed social inclusion (D₄)

Enhancing residents’ sense of belonging (C₂₀)

Enhancing residents’ attachment to the land and their sense of belonging to the village

Kinsella et al. (2017); Kitchen et al. (2012); Nah et al. (2016); Feng and Zhu (2022);

Enhancing Social Inclusion (C₂₁)

Enhancing integration between indigenous residents and migrant workers

Guo and Liu (2021); Kan (2021); Nah et al. (2016); Zhao and Greenop (2019)

Preservation of local heritage (C₂₂)

Enhance the restoration and maintenance of the village’s historical heritage

Zhou and Zhu (2019); Guo and Liu (2021); Qin and Leung (2021); Roslan et al. (2021); Billore (2021)

Preservation of local cultural activities (C₂₃)

Enhance retention and resident participation in local cultural activities

Guo and Liu (2021); Nah et al. (2016); Su et al. (2019);

Designing with local culture (C₂₄)

The village environment and residential buildings are designed to incorporate the local cultural characteristics of the village

Guo and Liu (2021); Qin and Leung (2021); Roslan et al. (2021); Zhao and Greenop (2019);