Table 4 Hypothesis testing results for the relationship between civic knowledge, political media use, civic self-efficacy, and active citizenship behaviours.

From: Political media use, civic knowledge, civic self-efficacy, and gender: measuring active citizenship in Turkey

 

(O)

(M)

(STDEV)

T statistics

2.5%

97.5%

Decision

H1a: CK→CSE

0.45

0.45

0.05

9.67*

0.35

0.54

Supported

H1b: PMU→CSE

0.05

0.05

0.05

1.06

−0.04

0.14

Not supported

H2a: CK→DP

0.31

0.31

0.06

5.56*

0.20

0.42

Supported

H2b: CK→OP

0.13

0.14

0.06

2.30*

0.03

0.25

Supported

H2c: PMU→DP

0.15

0.16

0.05

2.91*

0.05

0.26

Supported

H2d: PMU →OP

0.28

0.28

0.06

4.92*

0.17

0.39

Supported

H3a: CSE→DP

0.19

0.19

0.04

4.81*

0.11

0.27

Supported

H3b: CSE→OP

0.21

0.21

0.05

4.56*

0.11

0.29

Supported

  1. O original sample, M sample mean, SD standard deviation, CK civic knowledge, PMU political media use, CSE civic self-efficacy, OP organizational participation, DP demonstration and protest.
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