Table 5 Heterogeneous effects of monthly average NO₂ concentrations on perceptions of unethical behavior by national pollution levels.

	ALL	Fatal	Assault	Discrim.	Financial	Organized
NO₂ concentrations	0.813***	0.140	0.382***	0.159	0.233*	0.820***
	(0.389)	(0.143)	(0.158)	(0.145)	(0.138)	(0.337)
NO₂ concentrations × national NO₂ 3rd percentile	0.339***	0.154***	0.146***	0.011	0.073	0.084
	(0.148)	(0.070)	(0.072)	(0.056)	(0.078)	(0.111)
NO₂ concentrations × national NO₂ 2nd percentile	0.963***	0.257*	0.277***	0.158	0.116	0.717***
	(0.333)	(0.152)	(0.140)	(0.128)	(0.077)	(0.219)
NO₂ concentrations × national NO₂ 1st percentile	−0.052	0.077	−0.020	−0.039	−0.090	−0.051
	(0.248)	(0.049)	(0.034)	(0.027)	(0.087)	(0.127)
Weather Controls	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Personal Controls	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
County controls	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Region Controls	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
1st class district-2nd class district-year-month FE	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Observations	48,836	48,836	48,836	48,836	48,836	48,836
R-squared	0.251	0.147	0.134	0.137	0.153	0.242

***p < 0.01, **p < 0.05, *p < 0.1. Figures in parentheses are standard errors clustered at the first-class administrative district levels. The five groups of unethical behaviors are based on the results of the factor analysis. The countries are classified into four categories according to the national pollution level (total annual pollution by NO₂), with countries with the lowest pollution level serving as the baseline (see Table A5 in Supplementary Information for a list of countries in each category). All regression analyses include control variables, such as weather conditions and personal attributes, as well as fixed effects (FEs), such as region, country, first-class administrative district (e.g., state, province, or prefecture), second-class administrative district (e.g., city, town, or village), year, and month, with the planetary boundary layer height as an instrumental variable.

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