Abstract
In China, how to guide residents on actively participating in decision-making activities related to urban settlement regeneration is critical and must be addressed. Referring to the theory of planned behavior (TPB), combined with the characteristics of regeneration decision-making, the external environmental factors affecting residents’ participation in such decision-making activities, through impacting psychological environmental factors, were determined by establishing the structural equation model (SEM) and conducting a survey. The guidance measures of enhancing external pressure and providing regeneration information were selected. Participation guidance experiments were designed, and the typical communities located in the development zone and city center of Harbin, China were selected as the experiment regions. Forty-eight subjects were screened in each experimental region and divided into six groups; three participated in the experiments regarding the leading role of representatives, enhancing communication, and incentives, and three in the experiments on policy advocacy, regeneration technology popularization, and regeneration case sharing. Guidance measures’ effects for introversion or extraversion, regardless of region are, from large to small, incentives, regeneration case sharing, leading role of representatives, enhancing communication, policy advocacy and regeneration technology popularization. There are significant differences in the effects of enhancing external pressure measures between different personalities, and enhancing external pressure measures are more effective for extraversion. Although the differences in the effects of providing regeneration information measures are statistically insignificant, providing such measures is more effective for introversion. The results reflect the analysis of the influencing factors. TPB application is enriched and the guidance experiments used to verify guiding measures’ effectiveness are provided. Practically-significant implications include: communities and proprietor committees should organize neighborhood-relationship to enhance community activities, with the proprietor committee solving residents’ daily problems to win authority and trust, positively guiding residents’ participation. Community staff can also understand, via daily participation, residents’ personality traits, so as to implement the above-mentioned guidance measures.
Similar content being viewed by others
Introduction
In China, the settlement buildings built between the 1970s and the 21st century have gradually become old and dilapidated. The living environment has also deteriorated, with the living service facilities now outdated (Tan and Altrock, 2016). China has begun promoting urban settlement regeneration (regeneration). In the early days, regeneration mode involved tearing down and rebuilding (Zhou and Chang, 2020), but the reduction of dangerous buildings has seen regeneration mode change to organic regeneration, such as building retrofitting, environmental optimization, and infrastructure filling (Hewitt, 2012; Yang et al., 2019).
Early on, regeneration decisions were only made by local governments (Karaman, 2014). Although the traditional government decision-making model was more efficient, it often led to disputes with residents, since the regeneration was detrimental to some residents’ interests (e.g., the loss of activity areas by converting existing activity plazas into parking areas), or because the regeneration did not match residents’ needs (Zhang et al., 2021). In fact, the fundamental significance of regeneration in China is to provide residents a more livable environment (Zheng et al., 2014). Therefore, to better realize the significance and enhance residents’ satisfaction, China has proposed a principle whereby “cities should be built by the people and for the people” (Xi, 2022), and has actively promoted residents’ participation in regeneration decision-making activities (Wang et al., 2022a). However, there is often a lack of initiative and motivation for residents to participate in regeneration decision-making activities (Li, 2012). Such participation includes attending meetings, joining the discussion network groups established by formal organizations (such as communities, property enterprises, and proprietor committees), or participating in on-site consultation etc. (de Paula et al., 2023; Chen et al., 2023). The absence of residents participating in decision-making activities makes it difficult for communities, regeneration enterprises or property enterprises to communicate with residents and understand their intentions and suggestions regarding the regeneration plan (Li et al., 2020). Therefore, promoting residents’ active participation in these activities is the key to promoting communication with residents, better obtaining residents’ opinions, and regenerating more harmoniously.
Regarding behavioral and motivational psychology, the initiative and motivation of behavior are affected by personality and psychological environment (Wang et al., 2022b). While personality is difficult to change, the psychological environment can be modulated by altering the external environment, thus changing human behavior (Dekker et al., 2011; Huang et al., 2016). Behavioral guiding measures refer to methods used in adjusting the external environment that may change the person’s psychological environment and behavior (Zhang et al., 2021). How to find behavioral guidance measures by changing the external environment and guiding residents on actively participating in regeneration decision-making activities are the keys to forming high-quality regeneration decisions and promoting regeneration’s harmonious implementation (Hao and Wang, 2023). However, individuals with different personalities may have different responses to behavioral guiding measures. For example, since extraverted individuals tend to have a more positive communicator image than introverted individuals, enhancing communication measures may have a better guidance effect on the former (Opt and Loffredo, 2003). Therefore, personality traits cannot be ignored.
In fact, some studies on resident participation guidance mostly focus on studying the influencing factors of participation behavior by establishing the structural equation model (SEM) and providing certain guidance measures in the form of suggestions, such as optimizing policies, establishing a resident autonomous organization, enhancing the publicity of the regeneration knowledge, and promoting effective communication (Tang et al., 2022; Wu et al., 2023). However, the effects of these measures have not been confirmed. Some studies have pointed out that the method of behavioral experiments can be effective in analyzing the social environment’s influence on individual behavior (Nonami et al., 2015; Johnson et al., 2016; Zhang et al., 2023). It is feasible to use experiments to study the guidance measures’ effects on residents’ participation in regeneration decision-making.
Considering the characteristics of urban settlement regeneration, this paper will propose the guidance measures of residents’ participation from the perspective of resident autonomous organizations, communities, and local governments (Tang et al., 2022; Wu et al., 2023). Referring to the theory of planned behavior (TPB), this paper will determine the external environments that significantly impact residents’ participation in regeneration decision-making activities through theoretical analysis, SEM, and surveys (Xiao et al., 2023). Subsequently, the measures that may guide residents on actively participating in regeneration decision-making activities will be clarified through the transformation of external environments. Behavioral experiments on guiding residents’ participation (Participation guidance experiments) are used to determine the effects of each guidance measure and ascertain the different guidance effects among residents with different personalities. Thereafter, certain implications for guiding residents on actively participating in regeneration decision-making are proposed.
Influencing factors and guidance measures
Influencing factors
Psychological environments and external environments
The TPB has revealed the links between psychological environments (attitude, subject norms, perceived behavioral control, behavioral intentions) and behavior (Ajzen, 1991). It is also applicable in the study of residents’ participation (Parés et al., 2011). According to the TPB, participation attitude, subject norms, and perceived behavioral control all positively affect participation (Tang et al., 2022). To promote residents’ participation, residents must be encouraged to have a more positive attitude, stronger subjective norms, and stronger perceived behavioral control (Wang et al., 2014).
Residents’ participation attitudes refer to residents’ stable psychological dispositions toward participating in decision-making activities, which include their subject evaluations and the resulting participation dispositions (Myers, 1999). Participation attitudes are not static and can be influenced by subject norms and perceived behavioral control (Burnes and Cooke, 2013). The external environment’s positive impact on subject norms and perceived behavioral control will be reflected in participation attitude.
Subject norms refer to the social pressure felt when individuals are involved in regeneration decision-making activities (Ajzen, 1991). The sources of perceived pressure are generated by the important individuals or groups involved in these activities (Brown et al., 2016), such as family members, neighbors, community staff, and property staff who serve in influencing regeneration decisions. When important individuals or groups make their behaviors change, the perceived pressure of residents will change, and subject norms and attitudes will also change (Luqman et al., 2018; Ru et al., 2019).
Perceived behavioral control refers to residents judging the extent to which they have control over participating in regeneration decision-making activities (Ajzen, 2011). The judgment of control is determined by the residents’ experience of participating in those activities, and by external knowledge, experience, or skills related to regeneration (Ma et al., 2018). Although residents’ own experience in such participation cannot be affected, providing more information about regeneration may enhance perceived behavioral control (Pouta and Rekola, 2001).
In summary, residents’ attitude is not directly influenced by the external environment, while subjective norms are influenced by external pressure and perceived behavioral control is influenced by regeneration information.
External pressure influencing subject norms
In China, it is common to have a kind of resident autonomous organization—termed the proprietor committee—formed by neighbors. The committee members play a role in speaking out for residents and guiding them on participating in activities (Li, 2004). Although some urban settlements may not have proprietor committees, there are often representatives with reputation and trust, since the urban settlements in need of regeneration were built in the 1980s or 1990s and initially served as welfare houses allocated by enterprises, before being converted into commercial houses (Zhang and Rasiah, 2014). As such, most of the neighbors in these settlements are colleagues or friends of the same enterprises, and neighbors who are close to everyone and trusted by residents become representatives. From the neighborhood perspective, committee members or representatives are the important external groups affecting residents’ participation in decision-making activities. The choices or changes of their behaviors exert pressure on residents, i.e., external pressure from the neighborhood.
Community staff are the main figures in mobilizing residents to participate in regeneration decision-making activities (Hui et al., 2021). Regarding previous regeneration cases, residents have reported that the staff tirelessly communicated to make them change their minds and actively participate in activities (Tang et al., 2022). From the community perspective, staff are the important groups closely related to residents. The pressure brought to residents by staff through communication is the external pressure from the community.
Local governments can support communities or proprietor committees in providing rewards to participating residents through local funding (Xiao et al., 2023). Although this type of reward is distributed by the community or proprietor committees, it is provided by the local governments (Zhang et al., 2021; Kim and Kim, 2022). Therefore, local governments are also important groups related to residents. The pressure brought by providing rewards to residents is the external pressure from local governments.
Regeneration information influencing perceived behavioral control
Policy, technology, and existing regeneration cases all constitute important regeneration information (Lee and Jeong, 2020). The channels for obtaining regeneration information include resident searching or publicizing by others.
Policies as the key information can reflect the attitudes of the national or local governments toward residents’ participation in activities (Wu et al., 2023). If people learn about the policies regarding residents’ participation in regeneration decision-making activities through various channels, this will enable the residents to judge the controllability of their participation from the policy support perspective (de Paula et al., 2023), thereby affecting perceived behavioral control.
Regeneration involves many technologies, while some knowledge is not mastered by residents. Facing unknown technologies, residents find it difficult to determine whether they could participate in regeneration decision-making activities (Qiao, 2023). If people can learn the technological knowledge of regeneration through various channels, this will help residents judge the controllability of their participation from the technological knowledge mastery perspective, thereby affecting perceived behavioral control.
Although residents in the settlements may not have experience when it comes to participating in regeneration decision-making activities, they can gain experience from regeneration cases of other residents participating in regeneration decision-making activities (Zhuang et al., 2019). This will help residents determine the controllability of their participation from the regeneration experiences perspective, thereby affecting perceived behavioral control.
Personality
Although personality cannot be ignored when discussing behavior guidance, unlike the influence of psychological environments on behavior, the influence of personality is more reflected in the external manifestations of behavior (Blandin, 2013).
Psychologist Jung proposed two types of personalities (Jung, 1921). The general types of personalities include introversion and extraversion. Jung also proposed four psychological functional types of personalities: thinking, feeling, sensing, and intuition (Reinhard and Elena, 2010). If combined with national cultures and political characteristics, personality types may become more complex, e.g., collectivism and filial piety culture in China (Wang et al., 2009; Du et al., 2014). This paper selected the general types of personalities, since psychological functional types of personalities overlap with psychological factors in the TPB. In addition, residents living in the same country or region may have similar geopolitical personalities due to the same national culture and political characteristics. Therefore, it is more appropriate to explore the influence of the general types of personality.
Introverted people are calm, shy, steady, and not adept at socializing, while extraverted people are lively, enthusiastic, and communicate well (Blandin, 2013). Existing cases illustrate that residents with introversion and extraversion may exhibit different forms of positive behavior when facing participation in decision-making activities. Taking, as an example, agreeing to participate in decision-making discussions, introverted residents may dislike direct face-to-face discussions, but can listen to meetings through the Internet, while extraverted residents are more willing to meet directly and engage in communication. Personality is formed by the combined effects of biological and genetic factors, social and cultural factors with which one grows up, and family and school education (Titchener and Emerson, 1958; Gabe, 1965). In China, a recent study conducted a survey with 3705 students from a college, finding that urban-area students were more lively and more enthusiastic than their rural-area counterparts. This means that students from urban areas were more in line with extraversion (Yang, 2010). However, few studies indicate that there exist significant differences between introversion and extraversion in different regions of China, especially between urban areas and rural areas, i.e., both urban and rural people may have the personalities of introversion or extraversion. Meanwhile, short-term changes in the external environments cannot change the residents’ personalities.
Theoretical model
The relationships between factors and residents’ participation are shown in Fig. 1. The influence of personalities on residents’ participation is reflected in differences in behavioral manifestations, and is not affected by external environment changes. Therefore, the hypotheses are as follows:
Theoretical model of relationships between factors and residents’ participation.
H1a: Regardless of introversion or extraversion, external pressure will affect residents’ participation by influencing subject norms.
H1b: Regardless of introversion or extraversion, regeneration information will affect residents’ participation by influencing perceived behavioral control.
Model establishment and guidance measure identification
SEM establishment and survey
According to Fig. 1, the formulas are as below:
RP represents residents’ participation; PA represents participation attitude; SN represents subject norms; PBC represents perceived behavioral control; EP represents external pressure; RI represents regeneration information; αi (i = 1, 2, 3) represents the influencing degree of PA, SN, and PBC on RP; γi (i = 1, 2) represents the influencing degree of SN and PBC on PA; ξ represents the influencing degree of EP on SN; δ represents the influencing degree of RI on PBC; and εi (i = 1, 2, 3, 4) represents the residual of four structural equations, respectively. The measurement variables of residents’ participation and factors are shown in Fig. 2, with the measurement questions for each variable found in Appendix I.
Measurement variables of residents’ participation and factors.
H1a and H1b proposed that the impacts of external pressure and information on psychological environments and behavior are not influenced by differences in personality traits. Therefore, to verify the hypotheses, this paper also proposed the measurement questions for personalities. (1) On rest days, would you rather be alone or stay with friends to participate in activities? (2) If you need to make decisions, would you rather think quietly or discuss with others? (3) If you need to attend a meeting, would you prefer to sit in an inconspicuous place or in a place that is convenient for talking with others? All questions were measured using the Likert five-level scale. A statistical mean less than 3 indicated introversion, while a number greater than 3 indicated extraversion. Questions with a statistical mean equal to 3 were supplemented with the question “Do you think you are more introverted or extraverted?” to assist in judgment.
Data processing
The purpose of conducting the survey was to identify guidance measures for participation guidance experiments; as such, the survey regions had to be consistent with the experimental regions (the region introduction is shown in the section “Experiment region”). Finally, 778 valid questionnaires were obtained. There were 393 questionnaires from the extraversion group and 385 questionnaires from the introversion group, satisfying the principle that the effective sample size should be 10 times greater than the number of measurement questions (Hoogland and Boomsma, 1998).
To ensure the data could be used for analysis, this paper employed principal component analysis (PCA) to extract six components of various questionnaires. The cumulative contribution ratios were 74.521% for the all-sample questionnaires, 71.472% for introverted questionnaires, and 77.203% for extraverted questionnaires. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was utilized to test the measurement model’s reliability, validity, and goodness-of-fit. The Cronbach’α of the total scale and that of each subscale were above 0.6 for various questionnaires, indicating that the internal consistency of each kind of questionnaire is credible (Yang et al., 2018). The CR values of various questionnaires were above 0.7, suggesting good composite reliability (Fornell and Larcker, 1981). The KMO values of the questionnaires for all the residents (introversion and extraversion) were taken as 0.855, 0.786, and 0.861, indicating good construct validity of the questionnaire contents (Yang et al., 2018). The square root values of AVE of various questionnaires were greater than the correlation coefficients of each factor, signaling good discriminant validity (Fornell and Larcker, 1981). Variable questionnaires met the standard 1 < Cmid/df < 3, GFI, AGFI, TLI, CFI > 0.8, and RMSEA, SRMR <0.08, indicating good construct validity (Wu, 2009). The specific reliability and validity analysis of all-sample questionnaires, introverted questionnaires, and extraverted questionnaires can be found in Appendices II–IV, respectively. The reliability, validity and goodness-of-fit of each kind of questionnaire were good, the hypotheses could be tested, and the guidance measures could be identified.
Guidance measure identification
Path analysis shows that H1a and H1b hold true. Facing the regeneration decision-making activities, regardless of sample (introverted samples or extraverted samples), external pressure has a significant positive impact on subject norms, which in turn affects residents’ participation; regeneration information has a significant positive impact on perceived behavioral control, which in turn affects residents’ participation. The impacts of external pressure and regeneration information on residents’ participation are shown in Table 1.
Regarding extroverted samples, external pressure’s positive impact on participation is higher than that of regeneration information. For introverted samples, regeneration information’s positive impact on participation is higher than that of external pressure. The impacts of external pressure and regeneration information on participation for extroverted samples are higher than those for introverted samples. Overall, the positive adjustment of the external environment, e.g., increasing external pressure and actively publicizing regeneration information, may positively guide residents’ participation in decision-making activities. Based on the questionnaire results, practical experience in regeneration, and literature, guidance measures are proposed, as shown in Table 2.
Notably, differences in the application of guidance measures to enhance external pressure can lead to varying effects on participation guidance. Residents may have different perceptions and judgments of different information types. The guidance effects of publicizing information might also vary. According to the differences in the influence degrees of factors, residents with different personalities might have different levels of guidance acceptance for the same measure. Therefore, the guidance effects of the same measure on residents with different personality types could vary.
The hypotheses are thus as follows:
H2a: Measures of the leading role of representatives, and enhancing communications and incentives can effectively guide residents on actively participating in regeneration decision-making activities.
H2b: Guidance effects among leading role of representatives, enhancing communication, and incentives are different.
H3a: Measures of policy advocacy, regeneration technology popularization, and regeneration case sharing can all effectively guide residents on actively participating in regeneration decision-making activities.
H3b: Guidance effects among policy advocacy, regeneration technology popularization, and regeneration case sharing are different.
H4: Under the influence of different personalities, namely introversion and extraversion, the effects of guidance measures are different.
Participation guidance experiment
Experiment region
To ensure that the experimental results could effectively verify the hypotheses and avoid the randomness of experimental results in a single region, two experimental regions were selected. Due to the regional cross-validation of the effects of external pressure enhancement measures and regeneration information enhancement measures, it was necessary to ensure that the two experimental regions had similarities in terms of living environment, regeneration policies and support, regeneration needs and implementation, etc. There also had to be some differences between the two regions to avoid result convergence caused by consistent regional management. Therefore, this paper selected two experimental regions in Harbin, including Xuanxi Settlement and Xuanqing Settlement in the development zone (Region A), and Wenduan Settlement and Sanwen Settlement in the city center (Region B).
The two experimental regions have some similarities. First, the living environment is similar; the urban settlements of the two experimental regions were built in the 1990s, with most of the buildings comprising seven or eight floors. The living environment is poor and some public facilities have been damaged. The surrounding settlements are new, and the environments are good—in stark contrast to the experimental regions. Second, both experimental regions belong to the jurisdiction of Nangang District, Harbin. The policies and support efforts can be consistent. Third, both experimental regions are in the demonstration project areas. In future, more regeneration projects will be implemented in reference to these urban settlements.
There also exist some differences between the two experimental regions. First, Region A is located in the development zone, while Region B is located in the old city center. Second, the jurisdictional communities are different.
Recruitment and grouping of experimental subjects
Participation guidance experiments can determine the differences in the effects of various guidance measures. To select suitable subjects to participate in the guidance experiments, residents were first recruited to participate in the initial experiment through the Internet and with the help of community staff. In the initial experiment, the experimental host introduced the rules to the subjects and explained that each subject had 200 experimental coins at the beginning of the experiment, representing the cost of each resident being able to participate in the regeneration decision-making. Although there are differences in the type and total amount of cost that each resident can pay when participating in regeneration, the participation costs of each subject were limited to 200 experimental coins for the experimental study. Therefore, the range of subjects’ participation contribution values was [0, 200]. The host explained to the resident participant subjects that 200 experimental coins belong to the time, energy, material resources, and financial resources that they can expend in participating in regeneration decision-making activities. Once consumed, there may or not be a return. Subjects were advised to spend coins carefully. Residents did not know the potential rewards they may receive. However, after completing the initial experiment, each subject received the same remuneration.
Without any guidance measures, residents needed to answer personality measurement questions (shown in “SEM establishment and survey” section) and state the number of experimental coins they were willing to pay. The number of coins paid represented the contribution of residents to participate in the decision-making. The higher the contribution value, the more actively the residents were participating in regeneration decision-making activities.
After the initial experiment, the personality of each subject and their participation contribution were collected, and 48 subjects in each experimental region were selected to participate in the guidance experiments—96 subjects in total. In each experimental region, 48 subjects were divided equally into six groups. Three groups participated in the guidance experiments on enhancing subject norms, and the other three groups participated in the guidance experiments on enhancing perceived behavioral control. In each group, there were four introverted subjects and four extraverted subjects. There was no more than ±1% between the mean contribution values of the introverted and extraverted personality subjects in the same group. The purpose of conducting three groups for each guidance experiment was to ensure the non-chance, consistency, and stability of experimental results.
Guidance experiments on enhancing external pressure
Guidance experiment on leading role of representatives
Before starting the experiment, each subject received a random number plate. The host led the subjects in the same group to communicate freely for 20 min. After communication, subjects needed to select one subject as the representative throughout the experimental group selection, self-nomination, and subject voting. According to the requirements of the experiment, the representative had to be highly motivated to participate, and the names of the top-three-contributing subjects in the initial experiment had to be revealed. After the representative selection, the host announced that the urban settlement would be regenerated, and made the representative give his or her participation contribution first. The representative’s contribution would be given back to the other subjects in the same group. The other subjects needed to give their participation contribution referring to the representative’s contribution.
Guidance experiment of enhancing communication
Before the start of the experiment, the experimental staff played the role of neighbor or community staff to communicate with the subjects for 20 min. During the communication, the relationship between the subject and the staff was brought closer, and the staff had to appropriately explain the advantages of participating in decision-making. Subsequently, the staff left and the host asked the subjects to provide their participation contribution.
Guidance experiment on incentives
Before the start of the experiment, the host explained to the subjects that the government would provide a series of rewards to residents who actively participate in the decision-making. Residents with more participation contributions would receive more rewards. The host asked the subjects to provide their contribution. In this experiment, a reward fund of 800 experimental coins was set for each group, covering all types of rewards. Due to the experimental environment, the reward fund was to be distributed after the experiments.
Guidance experiments on providing regeneration information
Guidance experiment on policy advocacy
Before the start of the experiment, each subject received reading material that included relevant policies which supported residents’ participation in regeneration projects at the current stage. After the subjects had finished reading, the host further explained the policies. Once subjects had fully understood those policies, the host asked the subjects to provide their participation contribution.
Guidance experiment on regeneration technology popularization
Before the start of the experiment, subjects watched a video explaining the new regeneration technologies. Once they had understood the application of new technologies, the host asked the subjects to provide their participation contribution.
Guidance experiment on regeneration case sharing
Before the start of the experiment, subjects entered a scene where two staff played roles and discussed their past successful experiences participating in regeneration decision-making activities. The staff then left, and subjects could choose to read the introduction materials regarding successful cases. The contents included regeneration project information, the process of residents in regeneration, and the results of residents’ participation and feedback. Once the subjects had stopped reading cases (if they read them at all), the host asked the subjects to provide their participation contribution.
Calculation method
At the end of each guidance measure experiment, it was necessary to calculate the increase in the degree of individual participation contribution, the individual participation contribution rate, average participation contribution rate for each group, and average increase in rate of participation contribution for each group.
Increase in the degree of individual participation contribution represents changes in the individual contribution before and after implementing the guidance measures, that is, the effects of guidance measures on individuals. The calculation formula is Cia−Ci0, where Cia is the individual contribution under the ath guidance measure, and Ci0 is the individual contribution without any guidance measure. The individual participation contribution rate and average participation contribution rate represent the participation degree of the subject and the experimental group. The calculation formula is Ci,j/200, where Ci is the individual contribution and Cj is the average contribution of each group. According to the Kappa value determination method (Kundel and Polansky, 2003; Tajbakhsh et al., 2016), this paper divided the resident participation degree into five levels: very low-participation (0–0.2], low-participation (0.2–0.4], medium-participation (0.4–0.6], high-participation (0.6–0.8], and very high-participation (0.8–1].
The average increase in rate of participation contribution represents the improvement of residents’ participation in each group. The calculation formula is (CS−CC)/CC, where CS is the average contribution of each group under the guidance measures, and Cc is the average contribution of each group without guidance measures.
In addition, after the completion of each guidance experiment, the experimental remuneration was given based on the subject’s performance. Since the experimental remuneration could only be obtained after the participants had completed the experiment, there was little chance of it influencing the residents’ publication in the experiment process.
Experimental data and results
Data processing of guidance experiments
To test the basic hypotheses, after obtaining the experimental data, it was necessary to determine whether there were significant differences in the effects of the guidance measures across experimental regions and across experimental groups. The one-way ANOVA method was used to test the differences in the effects of enhancing external pressure measures and promoting regeneration information measures (increase in degree of individual participation contribution) between different experimental regions or among different experimental groups. The variance in the effect of each guidance measure between the different experimental regions is shown in Table 3.
Table 3 illustrates that the different regions only exhibit a significant difference in the effect of incentives for the extraverted sample (p < 0.05). In other cases, there was no significant difference at the 0.05 level (p > 0.05), indicating that, except for the effect of incentives for the extraversion, the effects of the other measures for introversion and extraversion under different regions are similar. Despite the regional differences in the effect of incentives for extraversion, the effects of incentives for extraversion were positive in both experimental regions. Therefore, the experimental results pertaining to the effects of incentives for extraversion in Regions A and Region B have a certain degree of similarity, which can prove that the experimental results in different regions are reproducible and can be corroborated.
In Regions A and B, whether all personality samples, introverted samples, or extroverted samples, there was no significant difference at the 0.05 level (p > 0.05), as shown in Appendix V. This means that, in any region, the effects of the same guidance measure in different groups exhibit similarity, which can prove that the experimental results of different groups are reproducible and can be corroborated.
Results of guidance experiments on enhancing external pressure
Experimental results of the entire group
Figure 3 compares the average participation contribution rates among experimental groups of enhancing external pressure in Region A and Region B.
The average participation contribution rates of different measures of enhancing external pressure.
In Fig. 3, GA-1, GA-2, and GA-3 belong to Region A, while GB-1, GB-2, and GB-3 belong to Region B. Compared to the initial experiment without guidance measures, all the measures of enhancing external pressure can promote regeneration participation in each group; H2a is thus confirmed. In the initial experiment, subjects mainly had a lower-medium level of participation, but after implementing guidance measures of leading role of representatives and enhancing communication, all subjects in different groups exhibited an upper-medium participation. In Region B, some groups could obtain the high participation with the measure of leading role of representatives. The effect of leading role of representatives was slightly better than that of enhancing communication. Under the measure of incentives, all subjects in different groups achieved high participation. Whether in the development zone (Region A) or the city center (Region B), the guidance effect of incentives was the best. The guidance effect of leading role of representatives was better, while the effect of enhancing communication was average; H2b is thus confirmed.
Experimental results under different personalities
Since there were no significant differences in the effects of enhancing external pressure measures among different groups within the same region, the one-way ANOVA method was employed to determine whether there were significant differences in the effects of enhancing external pressure measures between different personalities in Region A or Region B, as shown in Table 4.
Table 4 illustrates that, in any region, different personalities exhibited significant differences (p < 0.05) in the effects of various guidance measures of enhancing external pressure for all samples, introverted samples, and extroverted samples. That is, under different personalities, the effectives of various guidance measures of enhancing external pressure varied, and the differences were significant; H4 is thus confirmed.
Figure 4 shows the average contribution rates of introverted subjects, extraverted subjects, and all the subjects in different groups of experiments on enhancing external pressure in Region A and Region B.
a. Region A; b. Region B.
Figure 4 illustrates that, in any region, the average participation contribution rates of both introversion and extraversion were akin to the fluctuation of that of the entire group. This means that the guidance effects for introversion and extraversion were, from large to small: incentives, leading role of representatives, and enhancing communication.
Under the enhancing communication measure, introverted subjects and extraverted subjects could obtain a lower-medium participation level in Region A, while introverted subjects and almost extraverted subjects could obtain an upper-medium participation level in Region B. Except for the subjects of GB-3, the participation level of extraverted subjects was higher than that of introverted subjects in the same group, indicating that the measure of enhancing communication has a better effect on extraversion than that on introversion.
Under the measure of leading role of representatives, extraverted subjects could obtain an upper-medium participation level, while introverted subjects were still at a lower-medium participation level in Region A. Some introverted subjects could obtain an upper-medium participation level, while all the extraverted subjects obtained an upper-medium participation level, or even reached a high participation level in Region B. The measure of leading role of representatives also had a better effect on extraversion.
Under the measure of incentives, all the introverted subjects obtained a lower-high participation level, while almost extraverted subjects obtained an upper-high participation level, or even reached a very high participation level in Region B. This also indicates that the measure of incentives has a better effect on extraversion.
Table 5 additionally explains the average increase rates of participation of introverted and extraverted subjects under different measures of enhancing external pressure in Region A and Region B.
In the comparison of the groups, both in Region A and Region B, almost all the average increases in rate of participation contribution in each group were, from large to small: the measure of incentives, leading role of representatives, and enhancing communication. The average increase in rate of participation contribution of extraversion was higher than that of introversion, which also confirms that the guidance effects of enhancing external pressure measure for extraversion are better. H4 is thus also confirmed.
Results of guidance experiments of providing regeneration information
Experimental results of the entire group
Figure 5 compares the average participation contribution rates among experimental groups when it comes to providing regeneration information.
The average participation contribution rates of different measures of providing regeneration information.
In Fig. 5, GA-4, GA-5, and GA-6 belong to Region A, while GB-4, GB-5, and GB-6 belong to Region B. All the measures of providing regeneration information could promote the regeneration participation in each group; H3a is thus confirmed. In the initial experiment, subjects mainly had a lower-medium level of participation. The guidance measure of regeneration technology popularization led to an increase in participation, but most groups still belonged to a lower-medium participation level. After implementing the guidance measure of policy advocacy, all subjects obtained an upper-medium participation level. Whether in the development zone (Region A) or the city center (Region B), the guidance effect of regeneration case sharing was the best. Most groups could obtain a high participation level; H3b is thus confirmed.
Experimental results under different personalities
The one-way ANOVA method was used to determine whether there were significant differences in the effects of providing regeneration information measures between different personalities in Region A or Region B, as shown in Table 6.
In Table 4, it can be seen that there was no significant difference (p > 0.05) in the effects of various guidance measures of providing regeneration information under different personalities for all samples (introverted samples and extroverted samples) in any region. Although the differences in the effects of the measures of providing regeneration information were not statistically significant, it was necessary to ascertain whether there are some differences in the effects of the measures of providing regeneration information under different personalities from the comparative perspective of the average participation contribution rates and the average increase in rates of participation.
Figure 6 shows the average contribution rates of introverted subjects, extraverted subjects, and all the subjects of experiments on providing regeneration information in Region A and Region B.
a. Region A; b. Region B. All the sources of figures and tables are from authors. No copyright issues involved.
From Fig. 6 it can be seen that, in any region, the average participation contribution rates of both introversion and extraversion were akin to the fluctuation of that of the entire group. This means that the guidance effects for introversion and extraversion were, from large to small: the regeneration case sharing, policy advocacy, and regeneration technology popularization.
Under the regeneration technology popularization measure, the participation level of introverted subjects and that of extraverted subjects were similar in Region A. Conversely, in Region B, the participation level of introverted subjects was higher than that of extraverted subjects. Under the measure of policy advocacy, both in Region A and Region B, the participation level of introverted subjects was higher than that of their extraverted counterparts.
Under the regeneration case sharing measure, except for the subjects of GA-4, the participation level of introverted subjects was higher than that of extraverted subjects in Region A and Region B. Most introverted subjects could obtain a high participation level, and most extraverted subjects could obtain upper-medium participation. The measure of regeneration case sharing had a better effect on introversion and extraversion. However, the differences in the effects of providing regeneration information measures were not significant between different personalities, while the guidance effects for introversion were better than those for extroversion from the comparative perspective of the average participation contribution rates.
Table 7 also explains the average increase in rates of participation of introverted and extraverted subjects under different measures of providing regeneration information.
In the comparison of the groups, both in Region A and Region B, the average increase in rate of participation contribution in each group from large to small was determined by the regeneration case sharing, policy advocacy, and regeneration technology popularization. The average increase in rate of participation contribution of introversion was higher than that of extraversion, which confirms that guidance effects of providing regeneration information for introversion are better. Although the differences in the effects of providing regeneration information measures were not significant, there were still some differences in the effects of providing regeneration information measures from the comparative perspective of the average increase in rates of participation; H4 is thus, again, confirmed.
Discussion
Through the guidance experiments, all hypotheses were tested. Whether in the development zone or the city center, this paper found that introverted residents are more susceptible to the impact of measures of providing regeneration information, while extraverted residents are more susceptible to the impact of measures of enhancing external pressure. Therefore, two issues must be discussed in this paper.
(1) From the experimental results, why do the measures of incentives and regeneration case sharing have good guidance effects on resident participation? Although the guiding effects of other measures are average, why are these measures still needed?
The measure of incentives stems from incentive theory (Skinner, 1948). Via the measure of incentives, residents who participate in regeneration decision-making activities can obtain “visible benefits” and “future benefits.” Visible benefits include the distribution of rice, eggs, and other supplies, while future benefits include reducing property fees, parking fees, garbage fees, etc. Under the same living conditions, participating residents can obtain daily necessities and cost reduction, but non-participating residents do not receive anything. From the perspective of seeking benefits and avoiding harm, residents will actively participate in obtaining more “benefits.”
Regeneration case sharing is essentially about the information transmission and sharing of regeneration participation. The reason for some residents’ lack of subjectivity in participation is due to a lack of understanding of regeneration participation (Li, 2012). Successful regeneration case sharing can provide residents with a comprehensive understanding of participation, meaning residents will be more confident in participating (Jang et al., 2011).
Although the guidance effects of other measures are average, their effects cannot be ignored in real life.
Leading role of representatives is a manifestation of the exemplary effect. Representatives are individuals who are spontaneously elected by the residents and have a sense of trust and credibility. Representatives always focus on the interests of residents. They are more likely to gain the trust of residents (Hemphill et al., 2006). When representatives have high participation enthusiasm, the residents will have more participation enthusiasm and initiative due to the representative comparison. The effect of leading role of representatives is constrained by the close relationship between representatives and residents. Although representatives in the experimental group are temporary in the experimental environment, their exemplary effect is still reflected. If the relationship between representatives and residents is closer in real life, the guidance effect of leading role of representatives will be better.
Enhancing communication is the foundation for leading role of representatives and incentives (Kim and Kim, 2022). Good communication can enhance the relationship between residents, which will help to select reputable and trustworthy representatives, and will help representatives have better exemplary effects. In the participation of regeneration, the rewards of incentives are not given to the participating residents in real time. Residents will receive these rewards when they have participated in the regeneration activities and the regeneration is completed. If residents have had good communication with the staff of the community and property in the past, residents’ trust in the staff will be higher. This means residents will believe in the implementation of incentives, which will also enhance their enthusiasm and initiative. The short communication time between the staff and the subjects in the experimental environment, and the insufficient trust relationships between the staff and the subjects may impact the effect of enhancing communication to some extent.
Policy advocacy can help residents better understand the current state’s support for public participation. Compared to regeneration case sharing, which can help residents intuitively understand the benefits of participating in regeneration at a micro level and enhance their confidence, policy support encourages residents to participate at a macro level, providing guarantees for residents’ participation (Lee and Jeong, 2020). Because policies are important guidance for public participation, this measure has far-reaching effects on guiding residents’ participation in regeneration decision-making.
The purpose of popularizing regeneration technical knowledge is to familiarize residents with new technologies of urban regeneration at the current stage, and to avoid losing participation due to the lack of understanding of regeneration technologies (Li, 2012). Although the guidance effect is average, regeneration technology popularization can enable residents to understand regeneration from a professional perspective. Therefore, this measure cannot be easily ignored.
(2) Why are there significant differences in the effects of enhancing external pressure measures but not in the effects of providing regeneration information measures between personalities? Why are enhancing external pressure measures more effective for extraversion, while providing regeneration information measures are more effective for introversion? Why is there a significant difference in the effects of measures of incentives for extraversion between regions?
Based on personality traits and the reality of regeneration, compared to introverted residents, extraverted residents are more willing to communicate and interact with others (Opt and Loffredo, 2003). This means that under enhancing external pressure measures, extraverted residents prefer to show a greater willingness to communicate with other residents, staff, and representatives, and actively participate in various activities, alongside being more likely to obtain various kinds of information about incentives. Due to the wider communication and interaction, the views of resident representatives and other people will more strongly impact extraverted residents. Actively participating in various activities can also lead to obtaining more information on incentives. Therefore, extraverted residents will have a better understanding of the benefits of incentive measures for themselves, and the effects of measures of incentives will be stronger for extraverted residents. Introverted residents are not willing to actively communicate with others, and their enthusiasm for participating in activities is not strong. Therefore, obtaining information on incentives may be limited due to insufficient participation in activities, potentially leading to a positive effect of enhancing external pressure measures on introverted residents, albeit not as strong as the effect on extroverted residents. Obtaining such information may illustrate significant differences in the effects of guidance measures of enhancing external pressure under different personalities. It may also be the reason why measures of enhancing external pressure have a better effect on extraverted residents.
Introverted residents are more likely to listen and think, but this does not mean that extroverted residents are not willing to think. Therefore, providing regeneration information measures can enable both introverted and extroverted residents to acquire more regeneration knowledge, and to decide whether participating in regeneration activities is beneficial to them by thinking. Although studies have shown that introverted residents are unwilling to actively communicate and interact with others (Blandin, 2013), few studies have shown that extroverted residents are unwilling to listen and think. Studies have pointed out that the differences in the impact of knowledge acquisition on behavior are more likely due to differences in cognitive abilities and interests (Hyland et al., 2022). This may explain the absence of significant differences in the effects of providing regenerative information measures under different personalities. However, introverted residents have the characteristics of preferring to listen and think, which may lead to better effects of providing regeneration information measures for introverted residents in experimental environments.
The results are consistent with the analysis of influencing factors. The impact of external pressure on extraversion is greater than that on introversion, while the impact of regeneration information on introversion is greater than that on extraversion. Tables 5 and 7 illustrate that the impact trend of guiding measures will not change due to personality differences.
In the experiment, residents of both regions received the same incentives, although there was a significant difference in the effect of incentives on extraversion between the regions. Through the post-experimental survey with the extraverted subjects, it is known that, in reality, residents of Region A often received some incentives when participating in community activities before, while residents of Region B never received incentives before. Residents may have realistic associations in the experiment. From the personality traits, the experimental communication, and the experimental results, it can be found that extraverted residents are more likely to have realistic associations than introverted residents, due to their more active participation in daily community activities, which may be the reason why there are significant differences in the guidance effects of measures of incentives for extraversion but not for introversion in different regions.
Conclusion
Based on the TPB, factor analysis and literature, some measures that may guide residents on actively participating in regeneration decision-making activities are proposed. The effects of these measures and hypotheses are tested through participation guidance experiments. The results revealed that, for both introverted residents and extraverted residents, the effects of guidance measures are, from large to small: incentives, regeneration case sharing, leading role of representatives, enhancing communication, policy advocacy and regeneration technology popularization. There are significant differences in the effects of enhancing external pressure measures between personalities, and the guidance effects of measures of enhancing external pressure on extraversion are better than those on introversion. There are no significant differences in the effects of providing regeneration information measures between personalities, while the guidance effects of measures of providing regeneration information on introversion are better than those on extraversion from the comparative perspective of the average participation contribution rates. Some implications are proposed to enhance the enthusiasm and initiative of residents in regeneration decision-making activities.
(1) For urban settlements managed by the community directly, the community can provide appropriate incentives for residents to participate, such as reducing quarterly or annual property fees, garbage fees, and parking fees. Government subsidies can also be used to provide benefits such as rice and eggs as gifts to actively-participating residents. For urban settlements managed by the property, government subsidies can be used to reduce all different kinds of service fees for actively-participating residents through property linkage. Free maintenance services (such as repairing broken doors and windows in the resident’s home) provided by the property can also make the residents actively participate in regeneration decision-making activities.
(2) Community staff and proprietor committee representatives should actively visit residents, hold resident seminars, and publicize policies that support residents’ participation. For residents who are unwilling to visit or participate in the resident seminars, their friends, as well as representatives trusted by residents, can be contacted to assist in publicizing. The volunteer service teams can be established to encourage more enthusiastic residents to join the publicity team. In addition, the staff and representatives should understand the difficulties and pain points of residents’ participation. They ought to help residents tackle difficult participation situations and enhance residents’ enthusiasm and initiative. Representatives should also actively participate in various activities of regeneration, and establish a good leading role.
(3) Online platforms can be built for communication and publicizing. By establishing a proprietor network group, residents can discuss, and staff can provide regeneration information regularly. Residents can freely follow the network official account or network-oriented applications established by communities, and obtain the policies, cases, or new technological knowledge. Regeneration bulletin boards can also be set up for publicizing various regeneration information.
(4) Regeneration enterprises should cooperate with the community and proprietor committee, regularly holding successful regeneration case-sharing meetings. Regeneration experts can be invited to publicize new technologies of urban regeneration during the meetings. For residents who are unwilling to participate in meetings or miss the opportunity to participate, online meeting broadcasts or recorded meeting videos can be provided.
Based on the characteristics of measures such as leading role of representatives and enhancing communication, it is suggested that communities and proprietor committees regularly organize community activities to enhance neighborhood relationships. The proprietor committee should also regularly participate in solving residents’ daily problems to establish authority and trust among residents and thus have good effects in guiding residents’ participation. Through residents’ participation in daily community activities, community staff can also understand some residents’ personality traits based on their daily performance (such as whether they are willing to communicate or enjoy receiving information and feedback in private). Based on the deeper understanding of residents’ personalities, community staff can also implement the guidance measures above according to the personality traits. For example, as regards extroverted residents, the frequency of communication can be increased, and activities to provide more detailed incentive information and policies, technological knowledge and regeneration cases can be organized. For introverted residents, communication needs to be moderate, and regeneration information can be conveyed through non-directive contact, such as through the Internet.
There are theoretical contributions in this paper. First, combined with the TPB, the guidance measures of residents’ participation in regeneration are proposed. This paper also proposed that personality characteristics have an impact on guiding residents’ participation, which not only enriches the application scope of the TPB, but also introduces research on personality in behavior guidance. The application scope of the TPB is enriched, and the personality study is introduced in behavior guidance. Second, behavioral guidance experiments are used to test the effects of guidance measures, which provides clear data support for the scientific adoption of behavioral guidance measures. The design of guidance experiments can also provide methodological references for future studies. The practical contribution is that guidance implications for effectively enhancing residents’ participation enthusiasm and initiative in decision-making activities of regeneration are proposed. These implications can provide references for communities, properties, proprietor committees, and regeneration enterprises on how to guide residents’ participation.
There are also some limitations facing this paper. First, the data mainly focused on the urban regeneration cases in the development zone and the city center of Harbin, without considering the situation of other cities. Although hypotheses have been tested, in future, the guidance effects of different measures in other cities must be clarified through experiments. This paper attempted to ascertain the differences in the effects of guidance measures under different personalities, and in future, further in-depth studies can be conducted to examine whether introverted and extroverted residents can enhance the level of interaction and communication among residents in different communities. Second, the experimental environment designed is relatively ideal, with a limited number of subjects. In the future, more complex experimental environments should be explored, and more eligible subjects ought to be selected. Although the significant differences in the effects of incentive measures for extroverted residents in different regions were discussed, the method of post-experimental survey was mainly adopted to explain this phenomenon. In the future, the said phenomenon can be deeply analyzed in combination with the actual situation. Finally, the regeneration was mainly aimed at the urban level, and did not take into account the urban–rural differences. In future, the effects of guidance measures can be further explored from the perspective of different personalities in urban and rural areas.
Data availability
The datasets generated or analyzed during the current study are available in the Data repository https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/KSXDOL.
References
Ajzen I (1991) The theory of planned behavior. Organ Behav Hum Dec 50(2):179–211
Ajzen I (2011) The theory of planned behaviour: reactions and reflections. Psychol Health 26(9):1113–1127
Blandin K (2013) Temperament and typology. J Anal Psychol 58(1):118–136
Brown HL, Bos DG, Walsh CJ et al. (2016) More than money: how multiple factors influence householder participation in at-source stormwater management. J Environ Plann Man 59(1):79–97
Burnes B, Cooke B (2013) Kurt Lewin’s field theory: a review and re-valuation. Int J Manag Rev 15(4):408–425
Chen W, Ye C, Liu Y (2023) From the arrival cities to affordable cities in China: seeing through the practices of rural migrants’ participation in Guangzhou’s urban village regeneration. Habitat Int 138:102872
de Paula PV, Marques RC, Gonçalves JM (2023) Public-private partnerships in urban regeneration projects: a review. J Urban Plan Dev. https://doi.org/10.1061/JUPDDM.UPENG-4144
Dekker K, de Vos S, Musterd S (2011) Residential satisfaction in housing estates in European cities: a multi-level research approach. Hous Stud 26(4):479–499
Du H, Li X, Lin D, Tam CC (2014) Hopelessness, individualism, collectivism, and substance use among young rural-to-urban migrants in China. Health Psychol Behav 2(1):211–220
Fornell C, Larcker DF (1981) Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. J Mark Res 24(2):337–346
Gabe S (1965) The genetic determinants of obsessive-compulsive phenomena in character formation. J Am Psychoanal Ass 13:591–604
Hao ZB, Wang YS (2023) Evaluation of socio-economic-ecological environmental benefits of urban renewal projects based on the coupling coordination degree. Environl Sci Pollut R 30:56946–56968
Hemphill L, McGreal S, Berry J et al. (2006) Leadership, power and multisector urban regeneration partnerships. Urban Stud 43(1):59–80
Hewitt PN (2012) Retrofit of existing buildings—a major technical, economic and social challenge. Int J Ambient Energy 33(1):1
Hoogland JJ, Boomsma A (1998) Robustness studies in covariance structure modeling: an overview and a meta-analysis. Socio Method Res 26(3):329–367
Huang KH, Pai JT, Liu JH (2016) Study of performance assessment for urban renewal project in Taipei city. IRSPSD Int 4(1):64–77
Huang Y, Aguilar F, Yang J (2021) Predicting citizens? participatory behavior in urban green space governance: application of the extended theory of planned behavior. Urban Urban Gree 64:127110
Hui EC, Chen T, Lang W, Ou Y (2021) Urban community regeneration and community vitality revitalization through participatory planning in China. Cities 110:103072
Hyland WE, Hoff KA, Rounds J (2022) Interest-ability profiles: an integrative approach to knowledge acquisition. J Int 10(3):43
Jang YJ, Go JY, Lee S (2011) Evaluating integrated land use and transport strategies in the urban regeneration projects toward sustainable urban structure: case studies of Hafen City in Germany and Shinagawa Station in Tokyo. Int J Urban Sci 15(3):187–199
Johnson ML, Bell KP, Teisl MF (2016) Does reading scenarios of future land use changes affect willingness to participate in land use planning? Land Use Policy 57:44–52
Jung CG (1921) Psychologische typen. Zurich, Rascher
Karaman O (2014) Resisting urban renewal in Istanbul. Urban Geogr 35(2):290–310
Kim JY, Kim JH (2022) Urban regeneration involving communication between university students and residents: a case study on the student village design project. Int J Env Res Pub He 19(23):15834
Kundel HL, Polansky M (2003) Measurement of observer agreement. Radiology 228(2):303–308
Lee TH, Jeong HY (2020) A study on urban regeneration policy using corpus analysis: Gamcheon culture village tourism promotion plan. J Regional Stud 28(1):22–43
Li LH (2012) Urban renewal partnerships—is there really room for participation from individual owners? A case study of Hong Kong. J Hous Built Environ 27(4):517–526
Li M (2004) Legal analysis on right of proprietor’s autonomy in real management. Dissertation, Fudan University
Li X, Zhang F, Hui EC, Lang W (2020) Collaborative workshop and community participation: a new approach to urban regeneration in China. Cities 102:102743
Luqman A, Masood A, Ali A (2018) An SDT and TPB-based integrated approach to explore the role of autonomous and controlled motivations in “SNS Discontinuance Intention. Comput Hum Behav 85:298–307
Ma J, Hipel KW, Hanson ML (2018) An analysis of influencing factors on municipal solid waste source-separated collection behavior in Guilin, China by using the theory of planned behavior. Sustain Cities Soc 37:336–343
Meng B, Cui M (2020) The role of co-creation experience in forming tourists’ revisit intention to home-based accommodation: Extending the theory of planned behavior. Tour Manag Perspect 33:100581
Myers DG (1999) Social psychology. McGraw Hill College, Boston
Nonami H, Hirose Y, Ohnuma S et al. (2015) Effects of voice and similarity on procedural fairness and trust: A dual process model of public acceptance based on representatives’ participation. Asian J Soc Psychol 18(3):216–224
Opt SK, Loffredo DA (2003) Communicator image and Myers-Briggs Type indicator extraversion-introversion. J Psychol 137(6):560–568
Parés M, Bonet-Martí J, Martí-Costa M (2011) Does participation really matter in urban regeneration policies? Exploring governance networks in Catalonia (Spain). Urban Aff Rev 48:238–271
Pouta E, Rekola M (2001) The theory of planned behavior in predicting willingness to pay for abatement of forest regeneration. Soc Nat Resour 14(2):93–106
Qiao XJ (2023) Maintenance of low impact development facilities: a case study of pilot sponge cities in China. J Clean Prod 425:139008
Reinhard B, Elena H (2010) Two qubits for C.G. Jung’s theory of personality. Cogn Syst Res 11(3):243–259
Ru X, Qin H, Wang S (2019) Young people’s behaviour intentions towards reducing PM2.5 in China: extending the theory of planned behaviour. Resour Conserv Recy 141:99–108
Skinner BF (1948) Verbal Behavior. Harvard University Press, London
Tajbakhsh M, Memarian H, Shahrokhi Y(2016) Analyzing and modeling urban sprawl and land use changes in a developing city using a CA-Markovian approach Glob J Environ Sci M 2(24):397–410
Tan X, Altrock U (2016) Struggling for an adaptive strategy? Discourse analysis of urban regeneration processes-a case study of Enning road in Guangzhou city. Habitat Int 56:245–257
Tang DZ, Gong XY, Liu ML (2022) Residents’ behavioral intention to participate in neighborhood micro-renewal based on an extended theory of planned behavior: a case study in Shanghai, China. Habitat Int 129:102672
Titchener J, Emerson R (1958) Some methods for the study of family interaction in personality development. Psychiatr Res Rep 10:72–88
Wan X, Zhang Y, Mao P (2021) How perceived corporate social responsibility and public knowledge affect public participation intention: Evidence from Chinese waste incineration power projects. Eng Constr Arch Ma 29(10):4107–4131
Wang D, Laidlaw K, Power MJ, Shen J (2009) Older people’s belief of filial piety in China: expectation and non-expectation. Clin Gerontologist 33(1):21–38
Wang MQ, Zhang FZ, Wu FL (2022a) “Micro-regeneration”: toward small-scale, heritage-oriented, and participatory redevelopment in China. J Urban Aff (Early Access). https://doi.org/10.1080/07352166.2022.2139711
Wang D, Jiang SW, Liu BS (2022b) Research on antecedents of residents’ willingness to cooperate in urban regeneration projects: based on an extended theory of planned behavior (TPB) model. Buildings 12(8):1251
Wang Z, Zhang B, Li G (2014) Determinants of energy-saving behavioral intention among residents in Beijing: extending the theory of planned behavior. J Renew Sustain Ener 6(5):711–720
Wu JH, Cheng CM, Cheng PJ (2015) Behavioral intention toward urban eco-land performance assessment models using TPB tests. J Bus Res 68(4):771–776
Wu J, Li W, Xu W, Yuan L (2023) Measuring resident participation in the renewal of older residential communities in China under policy change. Sustainability 15(3):2751
Wu ML (2009) Structural equation model: operation and application of AMOS. Chongqing University Press, China
Xi J (2022) Hold high the great banner of socialism with Chinese characteristics and strive in unity to build a modern socialist country in all respects. Available via DIALOG. http://english.www.gov.cn/news/topnews/202210/25/content_WS6357df20c6d0a757729e1bfc.html. Accessed 25 Oct 2022
Xiao SC, Li L, Ma J et al. (2023) A study of residents’ intentions to participate in the renovation of older communities under the perspective of urban renewal: evidence from Zhangjiakou, China. J Asian Arch Build 22(3):1094–1109
Xu Z, Shan J, Li J, Zhang W (2020) Extending the theory of planned behavior to predict public participation behavior in air pollution control: Beijing, China. J Environ Plann Man 63(4):669–688
Yang Q (2010) A study of investigation of personality characteristics of college freshmen. Theory Pract Educ 30(5):38–40. (In Chinese)
Yang X, Zhang J, Zhao X (2018) Factors affecting green residential building development: social network analysis. Sustainability 10(5):1389
Yang XD, Zhang JY, Shen GQ, Yan YY (2019) Incentives for green retrofits: an evolutionary game analysis on Public-Private-Partnership reconstruction of buildings. J Clean Prod 232:1076–1092
Zhang M, Rasiah R (2014) Institutional change and state-owned enterprises in China’s urban housing market. Habitat Int 41:58–68
Zhang JY, Yang XD, Wang H (2021) Age-friendly regeneration of urban settlements in China: game and incentives of stakeholders in decision-making. Land Use Policy 111:105745
Zhang Y, Zhang H, Xie J et al. (2023) The influence of self-quantification on individual’s participation performance and behavioral decision-making in physical fitness activities. Hum Soc Sci Commun 10:592
Zheng HW, Shen GQ, Wang H (2014) A review of recent studies on sustainable urban renewal. Habitat Int 41:272–279
Zhou Y, Chang J (2020) Imitation, reference, and exploration-development path to urban renewal in China (1985–2017). J Urban Hist 46(4):728–746
Zhuang T, Qian QK, Visscher HJ, Elsinga MG, Wu W (2019) The role of stakeholders and their participation network in decision-making of urban renewal in China: the case of Chongqing. Cities 92:47–58
Acknowledgements
This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No.: 71974047); Natural Science Foundation of Heilongjiang Province (Grant No.: LH2023G010); Key Projects for Economic and Social Development in Heilongjiang Province (Grant No.: 23101). This work thanks Changping Sun for providing the suggestions.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
JY wrote and revised the main manuscript text, JY, MX, and XY carried out the basic research, experiments, and data analysis, XY and DL provided guidance for the overall thinking and research design of the manuscript, and JY prepared figures. All authors reviewed the revised manuscript.
Corresponding authors
Ethics declarations
Competing interests
The authors declare no competing interests.
Ethical approval
Approval was obtained from the School of Civil Engineering of Harbin Institute of Technology in October, 2022. All experiments are completely anonymized and voluntary and no sensitive information is required.
Informed consent
Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study before the experiments. This process was initiated by clearly communicating the study’s objectives, procedures, potential risks, and benefits to the participants. Each participant was informed that they had the right to withdraw from the study at any point without facing any repercussions. Consent was documented in writing, with participants signing consent forms. The consent forms and process were reviewed and approved by the School of Civil Engineering of Harbin Institute of Technology, ensuring adherence to ethics standards for informed consent.
Additional information
Publisher’s note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.
About this article
Cite this article
Zhang, J., Yang, X., Xia, M. et al. Guidance experiments on residents’ participation in decision-making activities related to urban settlement regeneration in China. Humanit Soc Sci Commun 11, 873 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-024-03378-7
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Version of record:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-024-03378-7
