Table 1 Characteristics of the variables.
Variable | Definition | Symbol | Reference | Observation |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Management efficiency | Measure of the effectiveness and productivity of managerial processes within the company | ME | – | 2005–2021 |
Energy Expenditure | Total expenditure incurred by the company on energy-related activities | EE | BANK OF CHINA GLOBAL WEBSITE, China Stock Market & Accounting Research (CSMAR), and the China Financial Futures Exchange (CFFEX) dataset | 2005–2021 |
Number of employees | Total count of individuals employed by the company | NE | BANK OF CHINA GLOBAL WEBSITE, China Stock Market & Accounting Research (CSMAR), and the China Financial Futures Exchange (CFFEX) dataset | 2005–2021 |
Earnings per share | Measure of a company’s profitability, calculated as net income divided by the number of shares | EPS | BANK OF CHINA GLOBAL WEBSITE, China Stock Market & Accounting Research (CSMAR), and the China Financial Futures Exchange (CFFEX) dataset | 2005–2021 |
Technology Expenditure | Total expenditure allocated towards technological advancements and innovations | TE | BANK OF CHINA GLOBAL WEBSITE, China Stock Market & Accounting Research (CSMAR), and the China Financial Futures Exchange (CFFEX) dataset | 2005–2021 |
Tax payment | Total amount of taxes paid by the company to the government | TP | BANK OF CHINA GLOBAL WEBSITE, China Stock Market & Accounting Research (CSMAR), and the China Financial Futures Exchange (CFFEX) dataset | 2005–2021 |
