Table 5 CIPS and CADF stationary examinations.

From: The impact of leadership on employees’ innovation behavior: evidence from China’s energy listed companies

Variable

CIPS

CADF

I (0)

I(1)

I (0)

I(1)

Management efficiency

−1.34 (0.95)

−5.40 (0.00)

−1.20 (0.93)

−6.34 (0.00)

Energy Expenditure

−2.64 (0.85)

−9.12 (0.00)

−1.94 (0.79)

−7.19 (0.00)

Number of employees

−1.43 (0.92)

−8.39 (0.00)

−0.96 (0.68)

−3.95 (0.00)

Earnings per share

−2.19 (0.79)

−10.05 (0.00)

−1.96 (0.93)

−6.39 (0.00)

Technology Expenditure

−1.44 (0.90)

−5.31 (0.00)

−2.57 (0.83)

−11.12 (0.00)

Tax payment

−0.94 (1.00)

−4.30 (0.00)

−1.22 (0.95)

−6.30 (0.00)

  1. Note: the values in () are probability.
  2. Source: Authors’ construction.
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