Table 1 Scope of resource nationalism events.
From: Resource nationalism: the intersection of politics and economics
Type of policy intervention | Resource Nationalism Strategy |
|---|---|
Export control of mineral raw materials | 1. Prohibition of Exports, With Priority Given To National Supply |
2. Production Quota System | |
3. Banning The Export of Raw Minerals (Ores) And Requiring That The Refining of Ores Be Kept Local/National | |
4. Incentives For Companies To Keep Ore Processing Local/National By Increasing Taxes And Fees On Ore | |
5. Other Measures (Other Than Taxes, Export Controls) To Stimulate Localization of Ore Processing | |
Uncertainty of mine property rights | 6. State Ownership of Natural Resources |
7. Expropriation of Enterprise Assets (State Acquisition Without Compensation) | |
8. Expropriation of Enterprise Assets (Acquired By The State For A Fee) | |
9. Host Government's Requirement To Hold Part of The Enterprise's Shares | |
10. Restriction of Foreign Shareholding And Sale of Shares To State Enterprises | |
11. Restriction of Foreign Shareholding And Sale of Shares To National Citizens/Enterprises (Non-Government/State Enterprises) | |
12. Foreign-Owned Enterprises Must Develop Natural Resources In Joint Ventures With State-Owned Enterprises | |
13. Foreign-Owned Enterprises Must Develop Natural Resources In Joint Ventures With National Enterprises | |
Operational interventions in enterprises | 14. Prohibition of Entry Into Certain Industries (E.G., Strategic Minerals) |
15. Temporary Cessation of Production | |
16. Temporary Cessation of Exploration | |
17. State Intervention In The Management of The Company's Production (Participation In The Board of Directors, Partial Control, Participation In Joint Ventures, Negotiated Shares) | |
18. Contract Renegotiation | |
19. Monopolization By State-Owned Enterprises | |
20. Preference of State-Owned Enterprises | |
21. Priority of National Companies | |
22. Reduction of The Length of Exploration Licenses/Mining Licenses | |
23. Reduction of Maximum Licensed Area of Exploration Area/Mining Area | |
Geopolitical intervention | 24. Joining/Establishing Regional Mineral Resource Alliances |
Loss of foreign profits | 25. Increase In Tax Rates |
26. Imposition of New Taxes | |
27. Use of Local Currency For Settlement | |
Local Protectionism | 28. Employment of Local Staff |
29. Procurement of Local Equipment | |
30. Preference For National Suppliers | |
Environmental and social disruptions | 31. Helping Local Communities |
32. Reinvesting Profits | |
33. Labor Conflicts | |
34. Environmental Conflicts | |
35. Extraction Bans In Specific Areas Due To Environmental Concerns |
