Retraction Note to: Humanities and Social Sciences Communications https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-024-03305-w, published online 21 June 2024

The editors have retracted this article because the authors did not receive approval from an appropriate ethics committee prior to conducting this research.

This issue came to the attention of the editors after the authors contacted the journal to request a correction to the article’s ethics declaration. This correction was then published in error Khan et al. (2024), and does not resolve the concerns initially raised. The publisher apologises to the authors and readers for this error.

Naqib Ullah Khan, Heesup Han, and Antonio Ariza-Montes disagree with this retraction. The remaining authors did not respond to correspondence from the publisher regarding this retraction.