Table 3 Pitch test reports of the 16 brass bells.

From: Digital and physical re-creation of ancient Chinese bells: new understandings and discoveries

Bell

A-tone (Hz)

B-tone (Hz)

A1

712

854

A2

714

840

A3

725; 722, 718

843

A4

749

886

B1

368; 416, 408

428; 433, 425, 423

B2

374; 377, 371

440; 436, 430, 428

B3

373; 377, 370

442; 435, 425, 407, 385

B4

370; 367

439; 436, 432, 429

C1

1602; 1599, 1597

1860

C2

1550

1831

C3

1568

1822

C4

1615

1873

D1

489; 486, 482

574

D2

486; 478

575

D3

490; 483

576

D4

488

573; 569, 564

  1. Conducted on April 18, 2023, from 10:00 to 13:00. Temperature: 25 °C; humidity: 70–80%. Assistants: Yating Liao, Xiaobang Ling, Rongzhen Fu. Procedure: one individual grasped a bell in their hands, and another individual struck the designated positions with a wooden mallet. The process involved striking one A-tone position 3 times, then 3 times on the other A-tone position. As a B-tone was harder to generate, each of the four B-tone positions was then struck 3 or more times. If there is only one figure in a grid, this indicates that only one frequency was consistently recorded from all relevant positions. If there is more than one frequency recorded, the first frequency in that grid, before the semicolon, represents the clearest pitch that most frequently occurred. Only frequencies that differ by 3 Hz or more from the clearest pitch will be recorded. For example, a frequency of 369 Hz for the A-tone of brass bell B4 would not be recorded.