Table 1 Descriptive statistics, Cronbach’s alpha coefficient, and bivariate correlations of all variables.

From: The association between writing motivation and performance among primary school students: considering the role of self-efficacy

 

Descriptive statistics

Bivariate correlation

 

Mean

SD

α

Skewness

Kurtosis

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

1. Curiosity

4.08

0.73

0.70

−0.97

1.56

1

          

2. Involvement

4.24

0.80

0.71

−1.38

2.00

0.617**

1

         

3. Emotional regulation

2.66

0.98

0.75

0.64

−0.06

0.189**

0.085

1

        

4. Boredom relief

3.70

0.87

0.73

−0.60

0.16

0.601**

0.461**

0.329**

1

       

5. Grades

3.64

0.96

0.70

−0.54

−0.12

0.308**

0.301**

0.476**

0.412**

1

      

6. Competition

3.35

1.01

0.76

−0.06

−0.67

0.290**

0.239**

0.507**

0.324**

0.756**

1

     

7. Social recognition

3.03

1.04

0.75

0.15

−0.64

0.280**

0.199**

0.586**

0.452**

0.616**

0.680**

1

    

8. Ideation

4.08

0.76

0.83

−0.85

1.05

0.584**

0.544**

0.132*

0.520**

0.270**

0.241**

0.230**

1

   

9. Convention

3.85

0.84

0.83

−0.53

0.27

0.420**

0.392**

0.262**

0.422**

0.374**

0.343**

0.291**

0.600**

1

  

10. Self-regulation

3.89

0.75

0.79

−0.56

0.78

0.479**

0.432**

0.180**

0.463**

0.303**

0.288**

0.255**

0.622**

0.606**

1

 

11. Writing test grades

10.82

4.16

–

−0.31

−0.22

0.222**

0.212**

0.081

0.196**

0.107

0.142*

0.066

0.191**

0.252**

0.288**

1

  1. **p < 0.01; *p < 0.05.
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