Table 3 Summary results of outcome mean and SD from T1 to T3.

From: A brief virtual reality-based mindfulness intervention can improve olfactory perception while reducing depression and anxiety symptoms in university students

Outcome measures

T1

T2

T3

Mean (SD) [95% CI]

(N = 49)

(N = 48)

(N = 47)

Olfactory sensation

11.23 (3.03)

12.23 (2.31)

-

[10.36; 12.10]

[11.57; 12.90]

 

Trait mindfulness

58.16 (9.20)

61.63 (10.42)

61.86 (12.69)

[55.52; 60.81]

[58.64; 64.63]

[58.21; 65.50]

Depression

13.08 (7.46)

7.67 (6.91)

7.61 (7.93)

[10.94; 15.22]

[5.69; 9.66]

[5.33; 9.89]

Anxiety

37.04 (10.46)

30.98 (6.62)

32.45 (8.56)

[34.04; 40.05]

[29.08; 32.88]

[29.99; 34.91]

Rumination

24.53 (6.41)

23.14 (6.63)

22.06 (7.52)

[22.69; 26.37]

[21.24; 25.05]

[19.90; 24.22]

Sensory imagery

245.12 (55.18)

260.53 (50.07)

254.71 (65.94)

[229.27; 260.97]

[246.15; 274.91]

[235.77; 273.66]

Hedonic capacity

58.16 (6.60)

60.82 (5.96)

57.39 (8.60)

[56.27; 60.06]

[59.10; 62.53]

[54.92; 59.86]

  1. Hedonic capacity: hedonic capacity for smell and taste pleasure. For Olfactory sensation, Trait mindfulness, Sensory imagery, and Hedonic capacity for smell and taste pleasure, the higher scores indicate greater levels of olfactory sensation, mindfulness, sensory imagery and hedonic capacity for smell and taste pleasure, respectively. For Depression, Anxiety, and Rumination, the lower scores indicate less depression, anxiety, and rumination, respectively.
  2. CI confidence interval.
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