Table 5 Results of the multilevel mediation analysis.

Mediation path	B	S.E.	95% MC C.I.
Mediation path	B	S.E.	Lower	Upper
Student level
Problematic smartphone use → Exercise hours → Social competence	−0.002	0.001	−0.0039	−0.0002
Problematic smartphone use → Exercise hours → Emotional competence	−0.003	0.001	−0.0055	−0.0003
Problematic smartphone use → Reading volume → Social competence	−0.011	0.002	−0.0145	−0.0073
Problematic smartphone use → Reading volume → Emotional competence	−0.010	0.002	−0.0140	−0.0058
Problematic smartphone use → Sleep duration → Social competence	−0.002	0.001	−0.0043	0.0010
Problematic smartphone use → Sleep duration → Emotional competence	−0.003	0.002	−0.0059	0.0005
School level
Online class proportion → Peer relationship → Social competence	0.061	0.027	0.0120	0.1190
Online class proportion → Peer relationship → Emotional competence	0.076	0.035	0.0152	0.1520

The decimal digits of the upper and lower values of the Monte Carlo confidence interval were presented in four places because the upper limit of the confidence interval could be mistaken for zero if expressed with only three decimal digits.

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