Table 4 Indicators considered non-identifiable with reasons.

From: Future cities imagined by ChatGPT-4o: human evaluation using importance-performance analysis

Items

Reasons for exclusion

Original data

Social harmony

Involves dynamic relationships between people and between humans and nature within the city, which static images cannot effectively convey.

“It is hard to capture the essence of social harmony from a single static image; it requires more intricate interactions and behavioural analysis” (IP 7).

Economic Feasibility

Requires specialized financial analysis and cost-benefit assessments.

“The evaluation of economic viability requires sophisticated economic calculation skills and extensive experience in financial management …… This is difficult for the average person” (IP 8).

Residential Comfort

Depends on long-term subjective experiences and individual lifestyle preferences, which are not depicted in images.

“Comfort involves multiple sensory experiences, such as temperature, air quality, and noise levels, none of which can be accurately depicted through images” (IP 6).

Functionality

Primarily involves interactive elements that need to be tested through practical use and user interaction.

“Demonstrating functionality likely requires dynamic usage scenarios; static images cannot capture interactions within different spaces” (IP 5).