Table 1 Description of variables.

Children’s Respiratory Infections

Children’s respiratory infections are a binary variable, having a value of 1 if the child under 5 years old has any respiratory issue in the form of a cough in the past 2 weeks at the time of the survey, and 0 otherwise.

1 = 3744

0 = 6070

Region

Four provinces and the country's capital territory have been taken as the geographical region. This variable has been categorized as Punjab = 1, Sindh = 2, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KPK) = 3, Baluchistan = 4, and Islamabad Capital Territory (ICT) = 5.

Punjab = 2549

Sindh = 2138

KPK = 2986

Baluchistan = 1371

ICT = 770

Place of Residence

Variable has been categorized into Urban and Rural

Urban = 4462

Rural = 5352

Household Wealth Status

The status of the household wealth is categorized into five different categories, namely: Poorest, Poorer, Middle, Rich, and Richest.

Poorest = 2274

Poorer = 2036

Middle = 1844

Rich = 1827

Richest = 1833

Maternal Education Level

Female level of education has been classified into four categories based on completed years of education. No education, Primary, Secondary, and Higher.

No education = 5360

Primary = 1320

Secondary = 1846

Higher = 1288

Cooking Fuel

Cooking fuel is considered to be clean and variable, assuming the value 1 if it is any of these types: electricity, LPG, natural gas, or biogas. It is considered unclean and variable assumes the value 0 if it is from any of these categories: coal, charcoal, wood, straw/shrubs/grass, agricultural crop, or animal dung.

1 = 4560

0 = 5254

Cooking Place

The place of cooking variable assumes the value 1 if the household has a separate kitchen in the house, while the variable assumes the value 0 if the household has no separate kitchen in the house.

1 = 7162

0 = 2646

Cooking Practices

The cooking practices are based on the type of fuel used and the place used for cooking. This variable is categorized as 1 if the household uses clean cooking fuels, 2 if the household uses unclean cooking fuels and cooking takes place in a separate kitchen, and 3 if the household uses unclean cooking fuels and cooking takes place not in a separate kitchen.

1 = 4560

2 = 3315

3 = 1937

Mother’s Tobacco Use

The variable assumes the value 1 if the mother uses any type of tobacco and 0 if the mother uses no tobacco.

1 = 596

0 = 9218

Antenatal Care during Pregnancy

This variable is categorized as: 0 if there are no Antenatal Care visits, 1 if there are up to three visits, and 2 if there are more than three visits.

0 = 1034

1 = 2224

2 = 3187