Table 4 Path estimation results.

From: The role of virtual reality in enhancing behavioral empathy: exploring cognitive absorption, engagement, and emotional moderation using multivariate methods

Hypotheses

Paths

β

95% CI (LLCI, ULCI)

f2

VIF

Test result

H1a

CA→CENG

0.633***

[0.407, 0.512]

0.274

1

Supported

H1b

CA→EENG

0.199***

[0.473, 0.588]

0.405

1

Supported

H1c

CA→BE

0.100*

[0.196, 0.302]

0.105

2.99

Supported

H2a

CENG→CEMP

0.242***

[0.187, 0.293]

0.102

1.112

Supported

H2b

CENG→EEMP

0.175***

[0.123, 0.223]

0.101

1.112

Supported

H3a

EENG→CEMP

0.005ns

[–0.061, 0.064]

0.001

1.112

Not supported

H3b

EENG→EEMP

0.579***

[0.523, 0.631]

0.527

1.112

Supported

H4

CEMP→BE

0.100*

[0.007, 0.097]

0.106

1.828

Supported

H5

EEMP→BE

0.400***

[0.253, 0.359]

0.141

2.773

Supported

H6a

CA→CENG→CEMP→BE

0.012*

[0.004, 0.020]

  

Supported

H6b

CA→CENG→EEMP→BE

0.044***

[0.032, 0.059]

  

Supported

H6c

CA→EENG→CEMP→BE

0.001

[−0.001, 0.001]

  

Not supported

H6d

CA→EENG→EEMP→BE

0.046

[0.029, 0.065]

  

Supported

H7a

GU*CEMP→BE

−0.086***

[−0.128, −0.043]

0.02

1.221

Not supported

H7b

GU*EEMP→BE

0.085***

[0.042, 0.133]

0.118

1.423

Supported

Control

FA→BE

−0.266

[0.120, 0.214]

0.05

2.365

 

Control

AM→BE

0.167

[−0.308, −0.228]

0.203

1.483

 

Control

Age

−0.019

[−0.090, 0.052]

0

1

 

Control

Education

−0.001

[−0.032, 0.029]

0

1

 

Control

Employment

−0.012

[−0.084, 0.064]

0

1

 

Control

Gender

0.016

[−0.017, 0.048]

0.001

1

 
  1. *p < 0.05; ***p < 0.001.
  2. CA cognitive absorption, TD temporal dissociation, FI focused immersion, HE heighted engagement, CON control, CUR curiosity, CENG cognitive engagement, EENG emotional engagement, CEMP cognitive empathy, EEMP emotional empathy, BE behavioral engagement, GU guilt, FA focused attention, AM amusement, CI confidence interval, LLCI lower level confidence interval, ULCI upper level confidence interval, VIF variance inflation factor.
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