Fig. 1: Research procedures.

This figure illustrates the overall eight-week research procedure, including the pre-test, intervention, and post-test phases. Both the experimental group (EG) and control group (CG) participated in academic performance and motivation tests in Weeks 1 and 8. The EG received PBLL training followed by two modules of project-based language learning activities. Meanwhile, the CG received traditional teaching across the same period.