Table 1 Overview of included studies.
Study | Population & Sample | Country | Instrument | ESO determinants |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Cerimoniale et al. (2023) | Children (0–12) (n = 2091) and adolescents (12–14) (n = 472) and their parents/caregivers (n = 1732) | Italy | Survey | Parental education level |
Parental age | ||||
Separated parents | ||||
Multiple children | ||||
Free Internet access at home | ||||
Use of electronic devices during meals | ||||
Gerosa et al. (2024) | Adolescents (15–18) (n = 3247) | Italy | Survey | Parental education level |
Child/adolescent gender | ||||
Kim et al. (2014) | University students (18–24) (n = 345) | USA | Survey | Peer pressure |
Moreno et al. (2019) | Adolescents (10–14) (n = 45) | USA | Focus group | Parental perceived child/adolescent maturity/independence |
Nielsen (2017) | Parents of children (6–12) (n = 4646) | USA | Survey | Parental concerns about safety and connections |
Perowne & Gutman (2024) | Parents of children (9–12) (n = 11) | UK | Interview | Peer pressure |
Fear of social exclusion | ||||
Parental perceived child/adolescent maturity/independence | ||||
Parental concerns about safety and connections | ||||
Parental trust in usage control tools | ||||
Vaterlaus & Tarabochia (2021) | Late adolescents (18–19) (n = 8) and their parents (48–61) (n = 8) | USA | Interview | Peer pressure |
Fear of social exclusion | ||||
Parental perceived child/adolescent maturity/independence | ||||
Vaterlaus et al. (2021) | Young adults (18–25) (n = 686) | USA | Open-ended survey | Peer pressure |
Fear of social exclusion |
