Fig. 4: Placebo test of out degree.
From: Supply chain resilience and digital transformation: perspectives from a supply chain network
This figure presents the results of 500 placebo simulations where the treatment indicator is randomly reassigned. The scatterplot shows simulated p-values against estimated treatment effects, while the kernel density on the right axis illustrates the distribution of β. The black solid line marks the null hypothesis (β = 0), and the red dashed line indicates the actual estimate from the main regression (β = 0.032). The concentration of simulated estimates around zero, with the actual estimate lying in the far tail, supports the robustness of the policy effect.
