Table 4 SUR PH analysis models of the relationship between healthcare professionals, environmental hygiene, maternal education, and under-five mortality.
VARIABLES | Dependent variable | Mediator variable | Dependent variable | Dependent variable |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Under-five mortality | Environmental Hygiene | Under-five mortality | Under-five mortality | |
Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 | |
HR (SE) | Coeff (SE) | HR (SE) | HR (SE) | |
Independent variable | ||||
Healthcare providers (Professional) | 0.27* | 1.30*** | 0.25** | 0.27* |
(0.14) | (0.16) | (0.13) | (0.14) | |
Mediator variable | ||||
Environmental Hygiene Index | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
(0.00) | (0.01) | |||
Moderator variable | ||||
Mothers’ education (in years) | 0.77*** | 0.77*** | ||
(0.00) | (0.02) | |||
Healthcare providers (Professionals)#Maternal education | 1.00 | |||
(0.00) | ||||
Environmental Hygiene #Maternal education | 1.00 | |||
(0.00) | ||||
Control variable | ||||
Female (ref = male) | 0.29*** | 1.04 | 0.28*** | 0.29*** |
(1.73) | (0.08) | (0.10) | (0.10) | |
Birthweight (ref = small) | ||||
Average | 15.88*** | 3.85*** | 3.85** | |
(11.72) | (1.73) | (1.72) | ||
Large | 3.85** | 15.88*** | 15.88*** | |
(0.20) | (11.72) | (11.71) | ||
Mothers’ age (in years) | 3.10** | 1.07*** | 3.05*** | 3.10*** |
(0.11) | (0.01) | (0.11) | (0.11) | |
Parity | 0.23*** | 0.64** | 0.25*** | 0.23*** |
(0.03) | (0.02) | (0.03) | (0.03) | |
Employment status (Ref = No) | 4.22** | 3.23*** | 3.12* | 4.22** |
(2.21) | (0.40) | (1.63) | (2.21) | |
Frequency of media interaction (Ref = none) | ||||
Less than once | 5.28** | 3.14*** | 3.93* | 5.28** |
(3.09) | (0.43) | (2.30) | (3.09) | |
At least once | 6.70*** | 4.17*** | 4.64*** | 4.70*** |
(3.01) | (0.44) | (2.09) | (3.01) | |
School of husband in years | 1.07‡ | 1.31*** | 1.00 | 1.07‡ |
(0.01) | (0.01) | (0.04) | (0.04) | |
Wealth index | 0.78 | 6.24*** | 0.49* | 0.78 |
(0.22) | (0.42) | (0.14) | (0.22) | |
Health facility remoteness | ||||
Not a problem (ref = problem) | 2.61* | 1.70*** | 2.28* | 2.61* |
(1.02) | (0.16) | (0.89) | (1.02) | |
Rural (ref = urban) | 0.74 | 0.92 | 0.75 | 0.74 |
(0.31) | (0.09) | (0.31) | (0.31) | |
Provinces | ||||
Ref= Islamabad (Capital) | ||||
Panjab | 1.15 | 0.97 | 1.16 | 1.15 |
(0.90) | (0.18) | (0.91) | (0.90) | |
Sindh | 0.97 | 0.62* | 1.10 | 0.97 |
(0.80) | (0.12) | (0.90) | (0.80) | |
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa | 6.96* | 0.37*** | 9.01** | 6.96* |
(5.63) | (0.07) | (7.31) | (5.63) | |
Baluchistan | 6.21* | 0.34*** | 8.20* | 6.21* |
(5.49) | (0.07) | (7.27) | (5.49) | |
Gilgit-Baltistan | 4.38 | 3.61*** | 3.15 | 4.38 |
(4.29) | (0.83) | (3.09) | (4.28) | |
Azad Jammu & Kashmir | 0.85 | 3.14*** | 0.63 | 0.85 |
(0.74) | (0.65) | (0.55) | (0.74) | |
FATA | 8.29* | 0.28*** | 11.45* | 8.29* |
(7.99) | (0.06) | (11.05) | (7.98) | |
Test of statistics | ||||
LR test Mode1 vs 4 | 219.10*** | |||
Observations | 7854 | 7854 | 7854 | 7854 |
