Table 2 Construct reliability and validity.

Faking work hours(FWH)

(Cronbach’s α = 0.850; CR = 0.909, AVE = 0.769)

FWH1: .I intentionally reported that I worked more hours than I actually worked.

0.884

FWH2: I added time to my time log, time sheet, and/or time tracking system so that it looked like I worked more than I did.

0.873

FWH3: I asked a coworker for help in making it seem like I arrived earlier or stayed later than I actually did (e.g., adjusting my time in a time tracking system).

0.874

Laissez-faire leadership(LFL)

(Cronbach’s α = 0.912; CR = 0.923,;AVE = 0.776)

LFL1: My leader/supervisor tends to avoid getting involved when important issues arise.

0.847

LFL2: My leader/supervisor is often absent when needed.

0.940

LFL3: My leader/supervisor tends to avoid making decisions.

0.891

LFL4: My leader/supervisor often delays responding to urgent questions.

0.842

Moral disengagement (MD)

(Cronbach’s α = 0.933; CR = 0.945, AVE = 0.682)

MD1: It is okay to spread rumors to defend those you care about.

0.854

MD2: Taking something without the owner’s permission is okay as long as you’re just borrowing it.

0.857

MD3: Considering the ways people grossly misrepresent themselves, it’s hardly a sin to inflate your own credentials a bit.

0.822

MD4: People shouldn’t be held accountable for doing questionable things when they were just doing what an authority figure told them to do.

0.828

MD5: People can’t be blamed for doing things that are technically wrong when all their friends are doing it too.

0.856

MD6:Taking personal credit for ideas that were not your own is no big deal.

0.862

MD7:Some people have to be treated roughly because they lack feelings that can be hurt.

0.717

MD8:People who get mistreated have usually done something to bring it on themselves.

0.800

Machiavellianism(ML)

(Cronbach’s α = 0.853; CR = 0.901, AVE = 0.694)

ML1:I have used deceit or lied to get my way.

0.838

ML2:I tend to manipulate others to get my way.

0.870

ML3:I have used flattery to get my way.

0.813

ML4:I tend to exploit others towards my own end.

0.810

Manipulating the speed of work(MSW)

(Cronbach’s α = 0.872; CR = 0.922, AVE = 0.797)

MSW1: I worked slowly on a task to avoid being assigned more work.

0.891

MSW2: I stretched out my shift by working slower than necessary.

0.917

MSW3: I took longer than necessary to complete at task.

0.870