Table 1 Inclusion and exclusion criteria according to the PICOS structure.

From: Gamification in digital environments and the development of teachers’ digital competence: a systematic review

 

Inclusion criteria

Exclusion criteria

Participant

Students

Others

Intervention

Students

None

Contexta

Higher Education

Studies published between 2011 and 2024

Social Sciences

Articles in the final stage

Other

Not published between 2011 and 2024

Not Social Sciences

Not articles

Not published

Outcomes

Linked to real classroom experiences with ICT-mediated gamificationb

Others

Study design

Any

None

  1. aThe Comparator section of the usual PICOS format was modified by Context following Reyes-de-Cózar et al. (2022).
  2. b‘Real classroom experiences with ICT-mediated gamification’ describes those studies that present concrete and detailed gamification experiences implemented in higher education settings, mediated explicitly by technologies. The authors only selected the studies documenting practical and observable classroom experiences where technological tools were used to apply gamification strategies in teaching–learning processes.
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