Table 3 Robustness test: alternative analysis.
Research institutes and universities | Poisson regression | Alternative variable | Winsorized sample | Kernel matching | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(7A) | (7B) | (8A) | (8B) | (9A) | (9B) | (10A) | (10B) | |
Paper | ESI Paper | Paper | ESI Paper | Paper | ESI Paper | Paper | ESI Paper | |
Treatment × Post | 0.082*** (0.004) | 0.184*** (0.031) | 0.119** (0.048) | 0.189*** (0.070) | 0.132*** (0.042) | 0.179*** (0.056) | 0.162*** (0.038) | 0.286*** (0.070) |
Size | 0.000*** (0.000) | 0.000*** (0.000) | −0.463*** (0.029) | −0.229*** (0.042) | 0.310*** (0.026) | 0.289*** (0.034) | 0.291*** (0.021) | 0.288*** (0.038) |
R&D expenditure | 0.487*** (0.005) | 0.688*** (0.038) | 0.073* (0.041) | 0.033 (0.060) | 0.101*** (0.036) | 0.122** (0.048) | 0.123*** (0.026) | 0.142*** (0.047) |
Lab | 0.013*** (0.004) | 0.134*** (0.032) | 0.111* (0.065) | 0.122 (0.096) | 0.091 (0.058) | 0.046 (0.077) | 0.111** (0.048) | 0.228*** (0.088) |
Age | 0.074*** (0.002) | 0.045* (0.015) | 1.855 (3.976) | 0.202 (5.768) | −3.079 (3.517) | −1.066 (4.680) | −3.199 (3.256) | 0.264 (5.934) |
Constant | −0.169 (0.331) | −0.304 (0.485) | 0.091 (0.058) | −0.318 (0.390) | −0.478* (0.280) | −0.235 (0.511) | ||
Observations | 582 | 582 | 582 | 582 | 582 | 582 | 726 | 726 |
Individual FE | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES |
Year FE | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES |
Research institutes | Poisson regression | Alternative variable | Winsorized sample | Kernel matching | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(7C) | (7D) | (8C) | (8D) | (9C) | (9D) | (10C) | (10D) | |
Paper | ESI Paper | Paper | ESI Paper | Paper | ESI Paper | Paper | ESI Paper | |
Treatment × Post | 0.132*** (0.009) | 0.244*** (0.055) | 0.151*** (0.057) | 0.007*** (0.002) | 0.087* (0.048) | 0.249*** (0.071) | 0.105** (0.049) | 0.290*** (0.071) |
Size | 0.000*** (0.000) | 0.000 (0.000) | −0.769*** (0.105) | −0.000*** (0.000) | 0.103 (0.088) | 0.052 (0.130) | 0.101 (0.082) | 0.008 (0.119) |
R&D expenditure | 0.185*** (0.009) | 0.213*** (0.070) | 0.037 (0.035) | −0.000 (0.002) | 0.011 (0.030) | −0.000 (0.044) | 0.030 (0.029) | 0.030 (0.042) |
Age | 0.100*** (0.004) | 0.108*** (0.033) | 4.553*** (1.013) | 0.002*** (0.000) | 4.018*** (0.851) | 1.510 (1.258) | 4.642*** (0.761) | 1.976* (1.105) |
Constant | 0.233* (0.122) | −0.023 (0.021) | 0.179* (0.102) | −0.068 (0.151) | 0.267*** (0.094) | −0.004 (0.136) | ||
Observations | 348 | 348 | 348 | 348 | 348 | 348 | 456 | 456 |
Individual FE | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES |
Year FE | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES |
Universities | Poisson regression | Alternative variable | Winsorized sample | Kernel matching | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(7E) | (7F) | (8E) | (8F) | (9E) | (9F) | (10E) | (10F) | |
Paper | ESI Paper | Paper | ESI Paper | Paper | ESI Paper | Paper | ESI Paper | |
Treatment × Post | 0.021*** (0.005) | 0.120*** (0.038) | 0.100 (0.089) | 0.128 (0.139) | 0.140** (0.061) | 0.245** (0.105) | 0.242*** (0.064) | 0.346*** (0.122) |
Size | 0.000*** (0.000) | 0.000*** (0.000) | −0.654*** (0.072) | −0.429*** (0.031) | 0.132*** (0.046) | 0.142*** (0.054) | 0.175*** (0.031) | 0.005** (0.058) |
R&D expenditure | 0.678*** (0.006) | 0.989*** (0.049) | 0.206 (0.148) | 0.238 (0.231) | 0.420*** (0.101) | 0.417** (0.174) | 0.359*** (0.131) | 0.332 (0.247) |
Lab | −0.002 (0.004) | 0.102*** (0.032) | 0.019 (0.085) | 0.007 (0.134) | −0.136** (0.058) | −0.050 (0.100) | 0.013 (0.057) | 0.079 (0.109) |
Age | 0.124*** (0.002) | 0.190*** (0.015) | 7.508* (3.894) | 6.642 (6.099) | 2.040 (2.663) | 5.120 (4.581) | 2.105 (2.915) | 5.194 (5.512) |
Constant | 0.193 (0.395) | 0.117 (0.618) | −0.113 (0.270) | 0.179 (0.464) | −0.131 (0.304) | 0.144 (0.575) | ||
Observations | 234 | 234 | 234 | 234 | 234 | 234 | 270 | 270 |
Individual FE | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES |
Year FE | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES |
