Table 9 Robust test.

IPP

0.824^a (0.28)

6.534^b (2.92)

0.588^a (0.07)

0.927^a (0.17)

0.631^b (0.26)

IPP2

−0.085^a (0.02)

−0.390^b (0.17)

−0.039^a (0.01)

−0.099^a (0.01)

−0.075^a (0.02)

FDI

−0.004 (0.00)

−0.011 (0.02)

0.001^c (0.00)

−0.002 (0.01)

−0.001 (0.00)

Fiscal

0.262^a (0.03)

0.033 (0.05)

0.043^a (0.01)

0.285^a (0.02)

0.288^a (0.02)

Trade

0.031^a (0.00)

−0.002 (0.01)

−0.004^a (0.00)

0.034^a (0.01)

0.033^a (0.00)

IQ

−0.328^a (0.10)

constant

−0.328 (1.49)

−28.062^b (12.81)

0.698^b (0.28)

−5.806^a (0.70)

−2.881^a (1.03)

Fixed effect

YES

YES

N

540

540

540

540

500

R²

0.842

0.852

adj. R²

0.832

0.843