Table 3 Classification of attitude markers.
From: Reconstructing stance in EFL doctoral thesis writing through generative artificial intelligence
Classification dimension | Definition and examples | Theoretical support |
|---|---|---|
Emotional expression | Directly conveys the author’s emotional response to a proposition (e.g., surprise, regret). Examples: surprisingly, unfortunately. | Appraisal Theory’s Affect System |
Evaluative expression | Judges the objective value or importance of a proposition (e.g., “important,” “effective”). Examples: important, significant. | Appraisal Theory’s Judgement System |
Stance construction | Explicitly indicates the author’s support, opposition, or neutrality towards a proposition (e.g., “support,” “challenge”). Examples: support, challenge. | Hyland’s Stance Markers |
