Table 1 Comparative summary of VR applications across related fields and the present study.

From: From two-dimensional representation to immersive interaction: the VR-driven transformation of interior design pedagogy

Domain

VR application focus

Research method

Key findings

Limitation

Architecture education

Spatial understanding, collaboration, digital technologies

Case study, review

VR supports collaborative design, building survey, and improved perception; highlights when/how digital tech is applied

Focused on perception, single case studies; limited empirical data

Engineering design

Simulation-based VR, VR + ML integration

Experimental

VR improves understanding of design process, teamwork, and design learning outcomes

Does not examine rendering optimization; focus on integration

Construction management

Safety, simulation, digital twin

Experimental, case study

VR improves training, safety awareness, and construction learning simulations

Focused on operational skills; lacks detailed educational theory

VR system optimization (our study)

LOD & OC optimized immersive VR + TAM +questionnaire

Multi-complexity experimental study + questionnaire survey + independent t-test

Techniques improve frame rate, reduce latency; potential for enhanced learning immersion；Assesses impact of technical optimization on learning immersion, spatial understanding, and interaction efficiency

N/A

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