Table 7 Statements and Z-score of statement.

1

Many people involved in outdoor activities nearby are familiar with each other, so it feels quite safe.

0

2

−1

3

0

−2

0.935

2

In the current area, I don’t know many people, and there are many comings and goings, so I feel unsafe.

−2

−2

−2

−1

−1

0

0.062

3

There have been incidents of theft, robbery, and other crimes in the area where I live, which makes me feel unsafe.

−4

−3

2

−3

2

−4

1.703

4

There are many different people around here, and incidents of arguments and fights are frequent.

−1

−1

−2

−3

2

−1

0.416

5

The neighbors around here have known each other for many years, and we look out for each other, so it feels safe.

1

−2

0

3

1

2

0.613

6

The high proportion of transient tenants from diverse occupational backgrounds in this area poses potential safety risks.

2

0

−1

−1

0

0

0.223

7

The predominance of elderly long-term residents in this area limits their capacity to respond effectively to emergencies, even if someone calls for help.

−1

1

1

2

3

−1

0.475

8

There are scenic spots nearby with many tourists coming and going, making it feel unsafe.

−4

1

−4

−2

1

0

0.776

9

There are many bars, hotels, and other commercial facilities around, which makes it prone to crime.

−3

1

−3

−1

0

1

0.615

10

There are many restaurants and convenience stores around, making living here feel safer.

−2

0

2

0

0

3

0.535

11

The presence of state−owned residential compounds (“Danwei”) with regular security patrols in the vicinity enhances our sense of safety.

3

4

2

−1

−2

3

1.211

12

There’s a police station nearby, so in case of danger, the police can respond quickly, making it feel safe.

1

0

−3

3

2

4

1.195

13

There are many malls nearby with a lot of foot traffic, which impacts the sense of safety.

−3

−1

0

−1

−1

0

0.206

14

There are many office workers nearby with complex backgrounds, which makes it feel unsafe.

2

−2

0

−2

0

−1

0.474

15

The presence of high-quality schools in this area attracts families with children, and the frequent presence of parents during school hours contributes to a heightened sense of safety.

2

2

0

2

−1

1

0.255

16

The interconnected layout of squares and alleys where neighbors gather provides multiple escape routes for criminals, significantly compromising safety.

0

−1

−2

−3

−2

0

0.169

17

There are no obstructions in the nearby public spaces, so children playing here can always be seen, which feels safe.

−1

2

−2

−4

−2

−2

0.598

18

There are few open public spaces nearby, and children running around the small streets and alleys are often out of sight, making it dangerous.

0

−2

2

2

−1

2

0.512

19

There are some unused, abandoned houses and yards nearby, which could breed crime.

−2

1

1

−1

3

−2

0.568

20

If there are more public facilities, everyone will use them and get to know each other faster, allowing neighbors to look out for each other, making it safer.

4

1

−3

2

2

−3

1.622

21

There are many commercial office buildings nearby, and during peak hours, pedestrian and vehicle conflicts can occur, making it feel unsafe.

1

3

0

0

1

0

0.313

22

The roads nearby are not smooth, and there are many dead-end streets, making it hard to escape in case of danger, which feels unsafe.

−1

0

3

1

2

3

0.529

23

The roads are fine, and everything is visible at a glance, so I don’t think there are safety risks or accidents.

−1

2

−1

0

−2

−2

0.410

24

There are not enough parking lots or garages nearby, so outside vehicles park on the streets in front of homes, posing a safety risk.

0

3

4

4

−1

−3

1.97

25

The roads nearby have obstacles that block the view, making accidents more likely.

0

−2

1

0

1

2

0.342

26

The residential buildings nearby are quite old, with incomplete facilities and many illegal constructions, making them prone to safety risks.

3

−1

3

2

4

1

0.665

27

The area is crowded, with many residents and a lot of additions to buildings, which affects the safety of living here.

0

1

−1

3

4

1

0.815

28

Exterior security grilles, drainpipes, and air conditioner brackets on residential buildings may serve as climbing aids for criminals.

1

0

1

−3

0

1

0.484

29

The residential buildings here are not tall, making it easy to come and go, and this doesn’t affect my sense of living safety.

−2

2

−1

1

0

−4

0.436

30

Living on a lower floor makes it easier for burglars to get in, and I feel unsafe.

2

−2

−4

−2

−1

−1

0.473

31

Insufficient or poorly maintained lighting facilities result in dimly lit streets at night, exacerbating feelings of insecurity.

−1

−4

2

−4

3

3

2.186

32

There are many businesses around, so it’s bright here at night, which feels reassuring.

−3

2

1

−2

−4

−2

1.078

33

Even though the streetlights are bright, there are many blind spots they don’t reach, posing a safety risk.

1

−3

4

2

2

0

1.01

34

There are many cameras and electronic surveillance devices nearby, which makes me feel quite safe.

0

4

−1

1

−3

−2

1.152

35

No matter how many cameras there are, it’s useless because there are always blind spots they can’t cover.

0

0

3

1

−1

−1

0.419

36

This residential area is quite old and lacks intelligent surveillance or alarm systems, making it still prone to theft and other safety risks.

3

−3

3

1

3

0

0.952

37

There are not enough warning signs around, like emergency numbers for the police or medical help, which reduces the deterrent against crime.

−2

0

0

−1

0

2

0.292

38

Enclosed courtyards with perimeter fencing would enhance my sense of security.

3

−3

−2

1

−3

4

1.754

39

There are no fences or clear dividing areas around, and it mixes with commercial and office buildings, offering no sense of privacy or security.

−2

−1

−1

0

−2

−3

0.211

40

There are often tourists or agents and other strangers barging into the large compound, which makes me feel unsafe.

2

−4

−3

4

1

1

1.758

41

Even with fences, it’s useless since thieves or robbers can still climb over and commit crimes.

2

3

1

0

1

−1

0.661

42

Implementing property management systems typical of Chinese gated communities—such as 24-h security patrols and restricted access to outsiders—would significantly improve perceived safety.

4

−1

2

0

−2

1

1.066

43

The public walkways and facilities are well maintained, and it’s obvious that they are regularly managed, which can reduce the risk of crime.

−1

1

1

1

−3

2

0.622

44

The environment around here is poorly maintained, and the chaotic appearance makes it seem unmanaged, which significantly increases the likelihood of crime.

−3

0

−2

−2

1

−3

0.431

45

Regular maintenance of public green spaces, such as trimmed vegetation and tidy landscapes, fosters a sense of safety and comfort.

1

3

0

−2

−4

2

1.202

46

The plants grown and cared for by the residents are neatly maintained, giving the area a lively atmosphere that makes me feel at ease.

1

−1

0

0

−3

−1

0.280