Table 1 Descriptive characteristics of the sample.

From: “Under the Shadow of Uncertainty”: the mediating role of job stress and the AI self-efficacy as a shield in cybersecurity behavior

Characteristic

Percent

Gender

Men

50.9%

Women

49.1%

Age (years)

20–29

23.1%

30–39

22.2%

40–49

28.4%

50–59

26.3%

Education

High school or below

12.9%

Community college

18.5%

Bachelor’s degree

55.8%

Master’s degree or higher

12.9%

Position

Staff

42.4%

Assistant manager

16.9%

Manager or deputy general manager

24.1%

Department/general manager or director and above

16.6%

Industry type

Manufacturing

21.4%

Services

13.9%

Construction

13.2%

Health and welfare

16.9%

Information services and telecommunications

7.5%

Education

16.1%

Financial/insurance

2.1%

Consulting and advertising

2.1%

Others

6.7%

  1. Industry categories were based on the Korean Standard Industrial Classification (KSIC) and consolidated into eight major groups for stratification purposes. “Others” includes consulting, advertising, and professional services that did not fit the main categories but each represented less than 2% of the workforce.