Table 5 Optimization for the synthesis of [Cu(IPr)CBZ] using aqueous ammonia

From: Ammonia as a weak base for continuous-flow synthesis of Au, Pd, and Cu-NHC heteroleptic chloro complexes

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Entrya

X1 [mmol/mL]

X2 [mol/L]

Solvent

Conversionb [%]

1

0.02

0.2

Acetone

67

2

0.05

0.5

Acetone:EtOAc=1:1

76

3

0.05

1.0

Acetone:EtOAc=1:1

76

4c

0.05

0.5

Acetone:EtOAc=1:1

76

5d

0.05

0.5

Acetone:EtOAc=1:1

77

6e

0.05

0.5

Acetone:EtOAc = 1:1

92

7f

0.05

0.5

Acetone:EtOAc=1:1

78

  1. aReaction condition; [Cu(IPr)Cl] (0.05 mmol) and carbazole (0.06 mmol, 1.2 eq.) were dissolved in the desired amount of solvent to have the concentration of X1.
  2. bConversions were calculated based on 1H NMR analysis.
  3. cResidence time was 4 min.
  4. d1.0 mmol of carbazole was used (2.0 eq.).
  5. eReaction temperature was 40 °C.
  6. fReaction temperature was 50 °C.
  7. Bold: optimized or best conditions.
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